小城镇生态监测指标体系及监测方法研究综述

阐述了小城镇开展生态监测的目的和意义,以及小城镇生态监测指标体系的建立原则,介绍了城市生态子系统环境监测指标体系、农村生态子系统环境监测指标体系和自然生态子系统环境监测指标体系的具体内容,以及相关的监测方法与技术。     

Disaster risk from a macroeconomic perspective: a metric for fiscal vulnerability evaluation

The Disaster Deficit Index (DDI) measures macroeconomic and financial risk in a country according to possible catastrophic scenario events. Extreme disasters can generate financial deficit due to sudden and elevated need of resources to restore affected inventories. The DDI captures the relationship between the economic loss that a country could experience when a catastrophic event occurs and the availability of funds to address the situation. The proposed model utilises the procedures of the insurance industry in establishing probable losses, based on critical impacts during a given period of exposure; for economic resilience, the model allows one to calculate the country's financial ability to cope with a critical impact. There are limitations and costs associated with access to resources that one must consider as feasible values according to the country's macroeconomic and financial conditions. This paper presents the DDI model and the results of its application to 19 countries of the Americas and aims to guide governmental decision‐making in disaster risk reduction.     

青海省东部农业区参考作物蒸散量的变化及对气象因子的敏感性分析

使用FAO推荐的Penman-Monteith公式计算了青海省东部农业区7个气象代表站的逐日参考作物蒸散量(ET₀),运用多窗谱方法(MTM)对青海省东部代表站的ET₀的变化周期进行了分析,同时,分析了影响ET₀的主要气象要素的变化趋势,运用基于偏导数的敏感系数法分析了生长季ET₀对气温、日照时数、相对湿度、风速的敏感性,结果表明,青海省东部农业区的7个站点有比较一致的19.23~22.22 a的周期;整个东部农业区的气温(最高温度、最低温度、平均温度)呈明显的上升趋势,日照时数、风速、相对湿度则随纬度的变化而趋势不同,北纬36°以南的两个站日照时数、风速均有增加的趋势,相对湿度则减小,以北的5个站则呈相反的变化;ET₀对日照时数最为敏感,其次是气温、相对湿度和风速;敏感系数在整个生长季随气象因子的变化而变化,日照时数敏感系数呈波动状,最大值出现在4月,最小值出现在9月,气温敏感系数呈现单峰型变化,最大值出现在7月,风速敏感系数则呈单谷型变化,最小值出现在7月。     

Quantitative Pollution Spill Risk Assessment: Using A Gis-Based System

Federal and State agencies have recently advocated risk-based analysis as a mechanism for advancing regulatory reform and safety determination in marine systems. the present investigation promotes this objective through the development of risk-based environmental planning strategies for oil spill contingency plans. This alternative approach to contingency planning departs from conventional methodology by employing quantitative risk assessment methods to identify hazardous oil spill zones and sensitive environmental areas, R_o and R_e respectively. the product of this conversion is referenced on a single “Risk” layer within a Geographic Information System (GIS) framework allowing coastal managers to evaluate natural resource data with associated elements of oil spill risk. As a new tool for coastal pollution management, risk-based environmental planning strategies have shown potential for evolving more efficient oil spill contingency plans.     

基于RS与GIS的武汉城市湖泊演化研究

以武汉市主城区为例,利用1995和2005年Landsat5两期TM影像与2000和2010年Landset7两期ETM＋影像的解译结果,基于景观分形理论与GIS的空间分析功能相结合的研究方法,分别构建湖泊变化强度指数和湖泊分形维数变化指数。从湖泊面积变化和湖泊形态变化,以及湖泊水域和其他土地利用类型的转移变化特点与影响进行综合分析。来丰富湖泊演化的分析方法,并总结高速城市化背景下湖泊的变化规律,从而更深入地了解和认识人类活动因素与湖泊水域动态变化之间的响应关系,同时提出若干城市湖泊治理与管理的方式。研究结果表明,（1）15年间的湖泊水域面积总量的变化呈现萎缩的趋势,年变化量在逐渐减小,湖泊萎缩的速度得到了一定的控制。（2）1995-2010年湖泊分形维数也呈逐期较小趋势,说明湖泊几何形状趋于简单化,人为活动对湖泊的影响加大。（3）15年来主城区28个主要湖泊的变化强度指数均为负值,呈萎缩趋势。但从2000年开始,少数湖泊变化强度指数为正值,萎缩趋势得到初步的控制。（4）1995-2010年间湖泊的水域面积主要转移成为建设用地和耕地。其转移面积占转移总面积的87．02％。围湖造田和城市化率的迅速提高对城市湖泊的演化影响深刻。（5）城市化背景下湖泊面积与形态变化的规律并非完全与城市化发展速率呈正比的关系,当城市化率上升到一定的阶段后,城市内部对生态环境的保护与要求也不断提高。为改善城市环境和城市内部的生态用地,湖泊应得到立法等强制性保护。     

航运企业安全管理体系有效性评价研究

定期评价安全管理体系的有效性既是ISM规则的强制要求,更是航运企业持续改进安全管理体系,提高体系运行质量的重要手段,但目前不少企业在管理实践中对体系的有效性评价大多采取定性的方法,难以保证评价结果的客观性和科学性。通过安全管理体系有效性内涵及其表现特征的分析,将体系运行有效的符合性、目标性、适宜性、充分性和文化性5个表现特征作为一级指标,并进一步细化得到24项二级指标体系,采用层次分析法确定各指标的权重,以实例验证,为航运企业实施安全管理体系有效性评价提供科学、客观、有效的方法。     

长山河水质评价及变化趋势分析

以2015 ～2019年长山河4个水质监测站的监测数据为基础,采用综合水质标识指数法对其历年水质进行评价,利用季节性kendall检验法对各监测断面的高锰酸盐指数,氨氮,总磷等3个监测指标变化趋势进行分析.结果 表明:长山河各断面的综合水质均达到或优于水功能区目标要求,水质污染总体呈下降趋势,其中长山河大桥和长山闸一号...     

Reach‐Scale Geomorphic and Biological Effects of Localized Streambank Armoring

Armoring of streambanks is a common management response to perceived threats to adjacent infrastructure from flooding or erosion. Despite their pervasiveness, effects of reach‐scale bank armoring have received less attention than those of channelization or watershed‐scale hydromodification. In this study, we explored mechanistic ecosystem responses to armoring by comparing conditions upstream, within, and downstream of six stream reaches with bank armoring in Southern California. Assessments were based on four common stream‐channel assessment methods: (1) traditional geomorphic measures, (2) the California Rapid Assessment Method for wetlands, (3) bioassessment with benthic macroinvertebrates, and (4) bioassessment with stream algae. Although physical responses varied among stream types (mountain, transitional, and lowland), armored segments generally had lower slopes, more and deeper pools and fewer riffles, and increased sediment deposition. Several armored segments exhibited channel incision and bank toe failure. All classes of biological indicators showed subtle, mechanistic responses to physical changes. However, extreme heterogeneity among sites, the presence of catchment‐scale disturbances, and low sample size made it difficult to ascribe observed patterns solely to channel armoring. The data suggest that species‐level or functional group‐level metrics may be more sensitive tools than integrative indices of biotic integrity to local‐scale effects.     

项目教学法在高职商务英语谈判教学中的应用——以中国环境管理干部学院为例

项目教学法是教师为主导,学生为主体,项目为载体,任务为驱动,以职业能力培养为目标,以社会需求为背景的系统的教学方法。以中国环境管理干部学院为例,通过讲述项目教学法的特点及在实践教学中的应用原则,提出了项目教学法在学院商务英语谈判课堂上进行的步骤、遇到的困难,并提出了相应的改进措施。     

快速模拟退火组合优化法在区域水环境质量评价中的应用

以地表水环境质量准标为基础,设定水体污染物的基准值,构建用于水体的一种环境质量评价的模型,利用快速模拟退火组合优化法对相关参数进行优化,而得到一个对多种水污染物都适用的综合水体环境质量评价指数公式。该公式形式简单,计算容易,评价结果具有可比性。