不同农田生态系统土壤碳库管理指数的研究

用高锰酸钾氧化法讨论了土壤活性碳库和碳库管理指数（ＣＰＭＩ）。结果表明：不同农田土壤活性碳含量为０４９～４９９ｍｇ／ｇ、ＣＰＭＩ为５１６～１６５。不同施肥处理对红壤ＣＰＭＩ的影响为绿肥（ＧＭ）＞厩肥（ＦＹＭ）＞ＦＹＭ＋ＮＰＫ＞参考（ＲＥＦ）＞ＮＰＫ＞对照（ＣＫ）；对水稻土为：稻草（ＲＳＣ）＞ＦＹＭ＞ＦＹＭ＋ＮＰＫ＞ＲＥＦ＞ＮＰＫ＞ＣＫ。黄棕壤ＧＭ、ＦＹＭ和ＦＹＭ＋ＮＰＫ处理的ＣＰＭＩ分别比ＲＥＦ提高了５０％、４５９％和２１９％,ＮＰＫ和ＣＫ下降了６％和３８１％。潮土施肥１０年的ＣＰＭＩ与施肥５年相比,ＦＹＭ和ＦＹＭ＋ＮＰＫ提高了２８４％和１９７％,而ＮＰＫ和ＣＫ下降８７％和１７９％。相关分析表明,ＣＰＭＩ与土壤全氮、全磷、碱解氮、速效磷、速效钾、ｐＨ相关或极相关。这表明ＣＰＭＩ可灵敏地反映农业生产措施对土壤碳库的影响     

Effect of Urmia Lake's drying on groundwater corrosion and scaling potential in the northwest of Iran (Case study: Spring and summer, 2015)

The most common problems in water distribution systems are corrosion and scaling, which cause both economic and customer health problems. The aim of the present study is to report the relationship between Urmia Lake's drying and the corrosion and scaling potential of groundwater used as drinking water during the spring and summer of 2015. Groundwater samples were collected from all of the catchments of the Urmia Lake basin, and the characteristics of the water were used to determine the corrosive and scaling indices using the Langelier Saturation Index and the Ryznar Stability Index. The results showed that the total dissolved solids measurement of the samples collected from the islands of Urmia Lake was higher than the maximum value of the standard level. In addition, the hardness in 36% of the zones was higher than that of the maximum suggested level. The concentration of calcium was lower than that of the standard, but the rest of the parameters were in the standard level range. Also, the results showed that the water of the Urmia Lake basin tends to be very scaling and corrosive. In order to control the corrosion and scaling caused by groundwater drawn from the catchments around Urmia Lake, measures should be taken to prevent Urmia Lake's drying and to manage the groundwater around this area. It is also suggested that a laboratory study regarding the condition of the distribution system be carried out to adjust the effective parameters, such as the pH.     

Scenarios of Future Climate and Land-Management Effects on Carbon Stocks in Northern Patagonian Shrublands

We analyzed the possible effects of grazing management and future climate change on carbon (C) stocks in soils of northern Patagonian shrublands. To this aim, we coupled the outputs of three (HadCM3, CSIRO Mk2, and CCSR/NIES) global climate models to the CENTURY (v5.3) model of terrestrial C balance. The CENTURY model was initialized with long-term field data on local biome physiognomy, seasonal phenologic trends, and prevailing land-management systems and was validated with recent sequences of 1-km Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (MODIS-Terra) images and soil C data. In the tested scenarios, the predicted climate changes would result in increased total C in soil organic matter (SOMTC). Maximum SOMTC under changed climate forcing would not differ significantly from that expected under baseline conditions (8 kg m⁻²). A decrease in grazing intensity would result in SOMTC increases of 11% to 12% even if climate changes did not occur. Climate change would account for SOMTC increases of 5% to 6%.     

Occupational Safety Culture Index (OSCI)——measuring the community and employees awareness,attitude and knowledge towards workplace safety and health in Hong Kong SAR

Promoting occupational safety and health in Hong Kong,Special Administrative Region of China is an important and ongoing mission. As the major organization with statutory responsibilities,the Occupational Safety and Health Council understand the importance to strengthen and cultivate our safety culture. It is widely believed that numbers of occupational related diseases and injuries could be prevented with the improvement of the awareness and attitudes of the employees and the public. Therefore,a comprehensive and in-depth study to monitor the occupational health and safety level and status of the community and working population is needed. Objectives: Our Council has developed the Occupational Safety Culture Index ( OSCI) to measure the current level of community and workplace safety and health awareness,knowledge and attitude. Benchmarking measures of the key safety performance indicators are to be derived thereof. Methods: A territory-wide random telephone survey was conducted to assess the community and employees’awareness,attitude and knowledge in 2008. A structured questionnaire was designed with the content validity and reliability assessed before the survey administration. A series of quality control approaches were also applied to assure the quality of the fieldwork and the reliability of the data. Results: 1,531 eligible participants’data were collected and computed into 2 types of composite indices,Occupational Safety Culture Index ( Community) ( OSCIC) and Occupational Safety Culture Index (Workplace) (OSCIW) . With the maximum score of index at 100,the overall score of OSCIC is 66. 9 and the OSCIW is 61. 3 in Hong Kong. Achievements: OSCI served as an effective management tool to measure the safety culture in Hong Kong. With a representative sample and high quality study control and validated assessment approaches,the OSCI and the sub-indices are reliable indicators to assess the effectiveness of safety culture enhancement strategy and the OSH intervention measures.     

In-depth approach for identifying crash causation patterns and its implications for pedestrian crash prevention

IntroductionA pedestrian crash occurs due to a series of contributing factors taking effect in an antecedent-consequent order. One specific type of antecedent-consequent order is called a crash causation pattern. Understanding crash causation patterns is important for clarifying the complicated growth of a pedestrian crash, which ultimately helps recommend corresponding countermeasures. However, previous studies lack an in-depth investigation of pedestrian crash cases, and are insufficient to propose a representative picture of causation patterns. Method: In this study, pedestrian crash causation patterns were discerned by using the Driving Reliability and Error Analysis Method (DREAM). One hundred and forty-two pedestrian crashes were investigated, and five pedestrian pre-crash scenarios were extracted. Then, the crash causation patterns in each pre-crash scenario were analyzed; and finally, six distinct patterns were identified. Accordingly, 17 typical situations corresponding to these causation patterns were specified as well. Results: Among these patterns, the pattern related to distracted driving and the pattern related to an unexpected change of pedestrian trajectory contributed to a large portion of the total crashes (i.e., 27% and 24%, respectively). Other patterns also played an important role in inducing a pedestrian crash; these patterns include the pattern related to an obstructed line of sight caused by outside objects (9%), the pattern that involves reduced visibility (13%), and the pattern related to an improper estimation of the gap distance between the vehicle and the pedestrian (10%). The results further demonstrated the inter-heterogeneity of a crash causation pattern, as well as the intra-heterogeneity of pattern features between different pedestrian pre-crash scenarios. Conclusions and practical applications: Essentially, a crash causation pattern might involve different contributing factors by nature or dependent on specific scenarios. Finally, this study proposed suggestions for roadway facility design, roadway safety education and pedestrian crash prevention system development.     

产业结构调整对北京市碳减排目标的影响

中国向世界承诺将能源消耗强度和CO2排放强度作为约束性指标,实现2020年单位国内生产总值碳排放强度较2005年下降40%-45%。北京作为中国的首都,对其他城市更具有"示范作用"。本文以北京市产业结构为基础,根据能源消耗种类、政府间气候变化委员会公布的折算系数和北京实际生产总值,计算1995-2012年北京市碳排放水平。文中首先运用基于环境影响评估的可拓展随机模型,检验出第一、二、三产业结构与CO2排放量之间存在显著关系,并计算出总体产业结构变动的相对贡献水平。而后重点把三大产业进行细分为7个产业,即第一产业、工业、建筑业、电力热力、交通运输仓储邮政业、批发零售住宿餐饮业和生活部门,验证了细分产业与CO2排放量之间存在显著关系,并计算出各个产业的相对贡献水平。随后利用对数权重平衡分析法先对三大产业的CO2排放水平进行绝对量分解,同时按7个产业进行绝对量分解,并结合随机拓展模型进行分析。最后研究北京市产业结构调整对碳减排的效应,提出要同时加快内部产业升级与产业间协调发展,加快提升第三产业能源利用效率的政策建议。     

Relationships between simulated water stress and mortality and growth rates in underplanted Toona ciliata Roem. in subtropical Argentinean plantations

Toona ciliata Roem. (Australian red cedar) requires a nurse-tree overstory to prevent damage from drought and irradiation in some regions of north-eastern Argentina. T. ciliata was planted in the understory of Pinus taeda L. (625 stems/ha), Pinus elliottii Engelm. × Pinus caribaea Morelet (625 stems/ha), and Grevillea robusta A. Cunn. (833 stems/ha) nurse trees, which were thinned to 0, 25, 50, 75 and 100% of the initial densities. We measured initial T. ciliata mortality and growth as well as Leaf Area Index (LAI) based on light transmission. T. ciliata soil water availability and its effect on early growth and mortality were examined by modelling drought stress using the two-dimensional forest hydrology model ForWaDy. Simulated patterns in T. ciliata water stress for the different overstory treatments were consistent with observed patterns of mortality. Early mortality was lowest with a G. robusta overstory, with corresponding lowest drought stress values and high modelled soil water contents in the top soil layer in intermediate and high overstory densities. Mortality was highest with a P. elliottii × P. caribaea overstory in treatments with the highest modelled drought stress values in the most open treatments. The model supported our field observations by indicating that water stress was an important limitation to T. ciliata survival and growth on our study sites. The linkage between T. ciliata establishment success, early growth and soil water availability as indicated by ForWaDy, leads us to conclude that the model is a suitable stand management tool for guiding establishment of T. ciliata plantations.     

基于NDVI的风景区索道建设前后植被覆盖动态变化研究

基于归一化植被指数(NDVI)分析方法,利用黄山风景名胜区新云谷索道建设前(2004年)后(2008年)的2个时相的遥感数据对索道建设区进行植被覆盖动态变化分析。结果表明:新云谷索道建设后周边的植被覆盖和生长情况明显优于建设前,森林生态系统正向演替没有因为工程建设而受到限制,工程建设导致的人工干扰没有使植被遭受明显破坏,研究区植被生态系统的结构与功能没有因索道建设而受到影响。以遥感技术(Remote sensing,RS)为手段的风景区植被指数分析方法在生态环境研究中具有广阔的应用前景。     

关中西部某铅锌冶炼区周边土壤重金属污染特征与生态风险评价

以关中西部某铅锌冶炼区周边土壤为研究对象,采用潜在生态危害指数法对冶炼厂周边土壤的重金属污染特征和潜在生态风险进行了研究。结果表明:某铅锌冶炼区周边土壤中Pb、Zn、Cu、Cd、Cr、Hg、As、Ni的平均含量均高于陕西省土壤元素背景值。除Cr元素以外,其余7种重金属元素存在两两之间的极显著或显著的相关性。土壤中重金属污染物总的潜在生态风险指数为轻微生态风险。因此该铅锌冶炼区周边土壤存在不同程度复合污染组合类型,生态风险总体水平较低,但局部有中重度污染。