雄安新区农田土壤-农作物系统重金属潜在生态风险评估及其源解析

为评估雄安新区农田土壤-农作物系统重金属潜在生态风险,分析测试新区小麦籽实和根系土壤中重金属含量及其赋存形态,利用综合污染指数（IPI_N）、潜在生态风险指数（RI）、生物富集系数（BFC）和风险评价指数（RAC）,采用主成分分析和相关分析等统计方法开展重金属潜在生态风险评估及来源解析.结果表明,新区根系土壤中Cd、Cu、Pb和Zn含量均值显著高于河北省表层土壤背景值.IPI_N介于0.2~5.18之间,94.83%的根系土样为安全无污染等级;土壤中Cd单指标潜在生态危害最大,其次为Hg元素,Cr、Ni和Zn潜在生态危害较小;总潜在生态风险以轻微和中等等级为主,占比分别为64.66%和30.17%.根系土壤中Cd生物活性形态组分（离子交换态和水溶态）占比达33.43%,生物有效性相对较高,其他各重金属元素赋存形态均以残渣态为主（残渣态占比>60%）.RAC指数由大到小为Cd > Ni > Hg > As > Cu > Cr > Zn > Pb,重金属Cd的RAC均值为22.75%,以中等风险为主,其他各元素RAC均为低风险或无风险.根系土壤重金属主要潜在来源是在地质背景的基础上叠加了人为活动.农作物籽实中重金属迁移、富集能力依次为Zn > Cu > Cd > Hg > As > Ni > Pb > Cr,其中As、Cd、Pb和Zn的生物有效组分对小麦籽实吸收重金属起促进作用,农作物籽实中重金属含量与土壤pH值呈负相关,土壤理化指标（OM和CEC等）双向影响土壤中重金属生物有效态组分比例.     

The role of schools in helping communities copes with earthquake disasters: the case of the 2010–2011 New Zealand earthquakes

ABSTRACT

This article draws from the author’s four-year study of five school communities hit by the 2010–2011 earthquake sequence in the Canterbury region of New Zealand to highlight the roles that schools played in supporting their communities in the aftermath of the disaster. The article begins by synthesising the relevant literature on disasters, schools in earthquake disasters, and the importance of schools to their communities, pre- and post-disaster. The following themes from the data are discussed: (a) the role of schools in their communities prior to the earthquakes; (b) the role of schools in immediate rescue and response; (c) the role of schools in short-term relief; and (d) the role of schools in long-term recovery. The author then argues that as more evidence shows that schools play such crucial roles in post-disaster response and recovery, we need to better prepare and support them to undertake these functions. Further, we need to recognise the wider roles schools play supporting local communities to build and sustain resilience as part of on-going community cohesion and connectedness, so that society is better prepared when major disasters occur.     

Programs assessing implementation and effectiveness of state forest practice rules and BMPs in the West

The major forest nonpoint source control programs in the West are largely regulatory, either under forest practices acts (California, Idaho, New Mexico, Nevada, Oregon, and Washington) or a streamside management act (Montana). These programs and the specific rules they enforce continue to undergo intensive scrutiny. Still, the questions are the same for these regulatory programs as for states that base nonpoint source control on voluntary BMPs (Arizona, Colorado, Utah, Wyoming). Are the rules or BMPs being applied, and are they effective in reducing nonpoint source pollution to levels that protect beneficial uses of water? The level of debate about forestry in the West has resulted in detailed monitoring and research to answer these questions. In the past, state agencies have assumed levels of BMP compliance based on the percent of operations without enforcement actions. These estimates are being replaced by statistically valid and reproducible monitoring of forest practices rules and BMP compliance levels. BMP effectiveness is being assessed using both qualitative and quantitative methods. This can involve field assessments, process-based research, and control watershed studies. Some trend monitoring is also beginning. With the regional implementation rate for forestry BMPs at about 94% and rising, it is likely that effectiveness testing will continue to be a priority and consume the majority of assessment resources for this region.     

天津滨海新区城市化进程中的环境风险分析

从天津滨海新区城市化趋势入手,系统分析了滨海新区城市化进程中产生的非突发性环境风险、突发性环境风险,并在此基础上进行了滨海新区区域生态环境安全和突发性环境污染事故的环境风险评估,结果表明:水环境安全系统是影响滨海新区区域生态环境安全的关键因素,滨海化工区是环境风险事故重点控制区、滨海新区中心商务区是环境风险影响重点防范区。结合滨海新区区域发展战略,提出了天津滨海新区环境风险防范管理对策与建议。     

A Comparison of Waste Reduction Practices and the New Environmental Paradigm in Four Southern Chinese Areas

On domestic waste recycling, it was found that source separation of domestic waste in mainland China was supported by 85% of the urban population and about 11–13% of the household waste was recovered and sold by the householders for financial gains. It was also found that the lower income group tended to recover a greater portion of waste, indicating that voluntary waste recovery activities in mainland China were carried out largely due to economic reasons. Thus, the Western type of source separation program in which residents are requested to separate recyclables for the community may not be welcomed in mainland China. In Hong Kong, despite the presence of community waste recovery programs, the recovery of domestic waste is only about 6% and is therefore less than those of the mainland Chinese cities surveyed. On the choice of source separation programs, it was found that Hong Kong people ranked familiarity a more important criterion than convenience. Therefore, the collection frequency of recyclables and time and place for setting out recyclables should be as similar to those of normal waste collection as possible to attract high participation in source separation programs.     

Urban Ecosystem Services for Resilience Planning and Management in New York City

We review the current state of knowledge about urban ecosystem services in New York City (NYC) and how these services are regulated, planned for, and managed. Focusing on ecosystem services that have presented challenges in NYC—including stormwater quality enhancement and flood control, drinking water quality, food provisioning and recreation—we find that mismatches between the scale of production and scale of management occur where service provision is insufficient. Adequate production of locally produced services and services which are more accessible when produced locally is challenging in the context of dense urban development that is characteristic of NYC. Management approaches are needed to address scale mismatches in the production and consumption of ecosystem services. By coordinating along multiple scales of management and promoting best management practices, urban leaders have an opportunity to ensure that nature and ecosystem processes are protected in cities to support the delivery of fundamental urban ecosystem services.     

Rebuilding others’ communities: a critical analysis of race and nativism in non-profits in the aftermath of Hurricane Katrina

The devastation of Hurricane Katrina and the federal levee failures facilitated the unprecedented proliferation of non-profits in some areas of the city. While the short- and moderate-term experiences of non-profits in the aftermath of Katrina have been examined, their long-term successes and failures remain unknown. In this paper we look at how race and nativism hindered the success of non-profits in rebuilding New Orleans. We likewise seek to demonstrate how the reactions on the part of non-profits to being the racial other or that of an outsider often further impeded the effectiveness of non-profits. The three authors, using data from participant observation, interviews, and ethnography, over a four-year period, describe generalisable lessons learned from rebuilding New Orleans’ communities, including the recognition of competing racial discourses in redevelopment; the valuing of local knowledge; and coming to terms with the paradoxes of the affect economy.     

新西兰氮排放配额与交易制度对中国的启示——以奶牛养殖业为例

近年来,排污权有偿使用与交易制度在中国部分省份开展了试点工作,许多大型的规模化畜禽养殖场也进行了排污许可证的申领。针对新西兰奶牛养殖业的污染治理措施进行了研究,梳理其开展污染防治工作的措施体系,以陶泊湖周边施行的氮排放配额与交易为主要对象,阐述了新西兰在养殖业排放配额与交易制度方面的工作实践,其配额基准核定方法、"资源许可证"申领制度、配额交易体系、相关支撑措施在一定程度上具备优势和先进性,对中国的畜禽养殖污染减排工作具有借鉴意义。     

天津滨海新区物流对环境的影响

天津滨海新区已纳入国家发展总体战略,将建设成为北方国际航运中心和国际物流中心。介绍了天津滨海新区物流业的发展现状;然后从主要货物、运输工具及物流环节3个方面分析了现代物流对滨海新区自然环境和新区附近海洋生态环境的不良影响,其中煤炭、原油、船舶、车辆等已对新区环境造成了不同程度的污染,而化学危险品、溢油与泄漏事故对新区环境存在着潜在威胁;最后针对以上分析给出了相应的解决对策和措施。     

新时期环境安全达标建设工作的分析及相关措施

当前,我国对于环境安全的要求越来越高,为了不断提高城市应对突发环境事故的能力,有关部门建立了城市环境事件风险体系,以确保城市各项潜在环境风险可以得到有效化解,保障城市环境安全。城市需要结合实际的环境安全情况,有针对性地推动城市重点环境风险企业安全达标工作的有序开展,切实保障城市的环境安全。