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341.
Learning after a disaster is crucial in creating more resilient places. However, many societies are repeatedly overwhelmed by disasters. This can be because of missed opportunities to learn in post‐disaster settings or because of actions implemented that seem to be highly relevant to recovery in the short term, but potentially constrain aspirations in the longer term. This paper assesses learning processes among state and non‐state actors and the ways in which these are bridged and scaled up to wider improvements in governance. Aiming to enrich understanding of post‐disaster learning, it explores different actors’ response actions after the earthquakes in Christchurch, New Zealand, in 2010 and 2011. On the one hand, ‘learning by doing’ is occurring, yet, on the other hand, systemic learning is hindered by mismatches between top‐down steering and bottom‐up initiatives. The study concludes that better linking and synergising of learning processes among different levels is vital for enhancing resilience in post‐disaster societies. 相似文献
342.
Cynthia Rosenzweig William D. Solecki Lily Parshall Mark Chopping Gregory Pope Richard Goldberg 《Environmental Hazards》2013,12(1):51-62
Climate change caused by increased anthropogenic emissions of carbon dioxide (CO2) and other greenhouse gases is a long-term climate hazard with the potential to alter the intensity, temporal pattern, and spatial extent of the urban heat island (UHI) in metropolitan regions. Particular meteorological conditions—including high temperature, low cloud cover, and low average wind speed—tend to intensify the heat island effect. Analyses of existing archived climate data for the vicinities of Newark and Camden, New Jersey indicate urban to suburban/rural temperature differences over the previous half-century. Surface temperatures derived from a Landsat thermal image for each site were also analyzed for spatial patterns of heat islands. Potential interactions between the UHI effect and projected changes in temperature, wind speed, and cloud cover are then examined under a range of climate change scenarios, encompassing different greenhouse gas emissions trajectories. The scenarios include those utilized in the Metropolitan East Coast Regional Assessment of Climate Variability and Change and the A2 and B2 scenarios of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Special Report on Emissions Scenarios (SRES). The UHI effect was detected in Newark and Camden in both satellite surface-temperature and meteorological station airtemperature records. The average difference in urban—nonurban minimum temperatures was 3.0 °C for the Newark area and 1.5 °C for Camden. Extrapolation of current trends and the selected global climate models (GCMs) project that temperatures in the case study areas will continue to warm in the current century, as they have over the past half-century. An initial analysis of global climate scenarios shows that wind speed may decline, and that cloud cover may increase in the coming decades. These generally small countervailing tendencies suggest that urban—nonurban temperature differences may be maintained under climate change. Overall warmer conditions throughout the year may extend the spatial and temporal dimensions of the urban-suburban heat complex. The incidence of heat-related morbidity and mortality are likely to increase with interactions between the increased frequency and duration of heat waves and the UHI effect. Camden and Newark will likely be subjected to higher temperatures, and areas experiencing UHI-like conditions and temperature extremes will expand. Thus, urban heat island-related hazard potential is likely to increase in a warmer climate. 相似文献
343.
介绍了当前隧道发展的前景、隧道变形监测在施工中的重要意义以及隧道监测技术的研究现状,以茅山西隧道的变形监测(主要为地表沉降、拱顶下沉、水平收敛、围岩压力、二衬内力)研究为例,说明变形监测在保证隧道安全施工的重要作用. 相似文献
344.
城市消防站选址布局优化及对雄安新区的启示 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
安全是雄安新区建设发展的重要保障和基础底线。消防救援队伍,承担火灾防范、火灾扑救、抢险救援等工作,是提升新区城市救援能力,保障城市安全的有生力量。消防站是消防救援队伍工作(执勤备战)的场所,优化消防站选址布局意义重大。面向雄安新区消防安全提升和应急救援能力提升需求,针对我国目前消防站建设过程中覆盖率低及消防站建设投资巨大等问题,建立位置集合覆盖模型和最大覆盖模型联合使用的选址方法,增加补充性约束条件对模型进行改进,提出基于GIS的选址模型应用流程,并通过实际案例应用研究,提出雄安新区消防站规划建设的启示建议。 相似文献
345.
Su T Shu S Shi H Wang J Adams C Witt EC 《Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987)》2008,156(3):944-950
This study provided a comprehensive assessment of seven toxic trace elements (As, Pb, V, Cr, Cd, Cu, and Hg) in the soil/sediment of Katrina affected greater New Orleans region 1 month after the recession of flood water. Results indicated significant contamination of As and V and non-significant contamination of Cd, Cr, Cu, Hg and Pb at most sampling sites. Compared to the reported EPA Region 6 soil background inorganic levels, except As, the concentrations of other six elements had greatly increased throughout the studied area; St. Bernard Parish and Plaquemines Parish showed greater contamination than other regions. Comparison between pre- and post-Katrina data in similar areas, and data for surface, shallow, and deep samples indicated that the trace element distribution in post-Katrina New Orleans was not obviously attributed to the flooding. This study suggests that more detailed study of As and V contamination at identified locations is needed. 相似文献
346.
Terry R. Maret Dorene E. MacCoy Daren M. Carlisle 《Journal of the American Water Resources Association》2008,44(5):1248-1269
Abstract: Water quality and macroinvertebrate assemblage data from 1981 to 2005 were assessed to evaluate the water quality and biological responses of a western trout stream to the implementation of multiple best management practices (BMPs) on irrigated cropland. Data from Rock Creek near Twin Falls, Idaho, a long‐term monitoring site, were assembled from state and federal sources to provide the evaluation. Seasonal loads of the nonpoint source pollutants suspended sediment (SS), total phosphorus (TP), and nitrate‐nitrite (NN) were estimated using a regression model with time‐series streamflow data and constituent concentrations. Trends in the macroinvertebrate assemblages were evaluated using a number of biological metrics and nonmetric multidimensional scaling ordination. Regression analysis found significant annual decreases in TP and SS flow‐adjusted concentrations during the BMP implementation period from 1983 to 1990 of about 7 and 10%, respectively. These results are coincident with the implementation of multiple BMPs on about 75% of the irrigated cropland in the watershed. Macroinvertebrate assemblages during this time also responded with a change in taxa composition resulting in improved biotic index scores. Taxon specific TP and SS optima, empirically derived from a large national dataset, predicted a decrease in SS concentrations of about 37% (52 to 33 mg/l) and a decrease in TP concentrations of about 50% (0.20 to 0.10 mg/l) from 1981 to 1987. Decreasing trends in TP, SS, and NN pollutant loads were primarily the result of naturally low streamflow conditions during the BMP post‐implementation period from 1993 to 2005. Trends in macroinvertebrate responses during 1993 to 2005 were confounded by the introduction of the New Zealand mudsnail (Potamopyrgus antipodarum), which approached densities of 100,000 per m2 in riffle habitat. The occurrence of this invasive species appears to have caused a major shift in composition and function of the macroinvertebrate assemblages. 相似文献
347.
Market-based approaches to environmental regulation (such as tradable permits or transferable quotas) are frequently offered
as innovative solutions to many environmental problems. Globally, one of the most well-established forms of this approach
is individual transferable quotas (or ITQs) in fisheries management. Within the natural resource management community, there
is considerable debate over the effects ITQs have on the fishing industry and fisher behavior although this approach is not
well-established in the United States. The previously imposed moratorium on ITQs in the United States has expired and the
2006 reauthorization of the Magnuson-Stevens Act explicitly provides for limited access privileges (LAPs). A variety of fishers,
regulators, and conservation organizations are enthusiastically seeking to introduce ITQ management. With debate over whether
and how ITQs should be used in American fisheries reinvigorated, it is timely to examine the evidence on the social and economic
effects of ITQs in other nations’ fisheries. After briefly summarizing the debate on ITQs, we examine the case of New Zealand,
one of the earliest and longest-lived ITQ-based fisheries regimes. We use multiple data sources and methods to analyze the
extent to which industry consolidation and aggregation has occurred, including surveys of industry participants, expert interviews,
reviews of academic reports and analyses, analysis of trade publications, and direct analysis of quota ownership patterns.
This analysis shows a more complex outcome than recent debates in the ITQ literature would predict. These findings suggest
that policy makers considering ITQs can learn from the experiences of other countries related to key issues such as quota
allocation, aggregation limits, transferability, cost recovery, and resource sustainability when designing ITQ and other LAP
systems. It is also important to explicitly identify economic and social objectives and then carefully design ITQ regimes
to meet these objectives. 相似文献
348.
Mayer and Frantz (2004) proposed that their connectedness to nature scale (CNS) provides a measure of people's emotional connection to nature. After reanalyzing data from their article, collecting and analyzing our own data, and conducting a content analysis of CNS scale items, we conclude that the CNS does not measure an emotional connection to nature. Although results from our Study 1 and Study 2 support Mayer and Frantz's conclusion that the CNS measures one predominant factor, we suggest that factor measures cognitive beliefs and not emotional connections. Results from our Studies 3 and 4 suggest that the self-referential, less negatively toned wording of CNS items may account for differences in correlations, between the CNS and environmentalism (a measure of environmental identity) and between the New Ecological Paradigm Scale (a measure of environmental beliefs) and environmentalism, reported by Mayer and Frantz. In Study 5, we suggest that correlation differences reported by Mayer and Frantz may also be attributable to method variance, as opposed to content differences between the CNS and the New Ecological Paradigm scale. We provide recommendations for revising the CNS to focus on beliefs about their connection to nature. 相似文献
349.
Han YJ Holsen TM Evers DC Driscoll CT 《Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987)》2008,156(3):1348-1356
Changes in deposition of gaseous divalent mercury (Hg(II)) and particulate mercury (Hg(p)) in New Hampshire due to changes in local sources from 1996 to 2002 were assessed using the Industrial Source Complex Short Term (ISCST3) model (regional and global sources and Hg atmospheric reactions were not considered). Mercury (Hg) emissions in New Hampshire and adjacent areas decreased significantly (from 1540 to 880 kg yr−1) during this period, and the average annual modeled deposition of total Hg also declined from 17 to 7.0 μg m−2 yr−1 for the same period. In 2002, the maximum amount of Hg deposition was modeled to be in southern New Hampshire, while for 1996 the maximum deposition occurred farther north and east. The ISCST3 was also used to evaluate two future scenarios. The average percent difference in deposition across all cells was 5% for the 50% reduction scenario and 9% for the 90% reduction scenario. 相似文献
350.
以土地质量地球化学调查评价成果服务于城市土地资源精准管护为目标,选择中国城镇化探路者的雄安新区起步区为研究对象,采用差异化分类布设样点,开展不同采样密度条件下地块尺度土壤元素空间插值精度、地块(图斑)插值精度和地球化学预测评价等级准确度的定量评估研究.结果表明:①采用差异化分类布设样点方法使平面上随机分布的区域地球化学量变值在每一个地块(图斑)都有明确的量值反映,能满足城市土地资源精准管护对单一地块(图斑)具有质量属性的基本需求;②研究区土壤元素指标空间变异性以轻中度为主;其中Hg、Pb、Cd、Cu、Zn、N、P和Se受人类生产活动影响,具有较高的空间变异性;③相同采样密度条件下,元素含量空间变异性越大,其空间插值精度和图斑插值精度越低;同一种元素插值精度受采样密度的影响,但采样密度的增大并不一定能够识别土壤元素含量的结构性连续组分;区内土壤环境本底清洁,重金属含量低于GB15618-2018标准,其插值评价等级和实测评价等级结果基本一致;养分指标N、P和K含量区间变化大,受人为扰动和空间变异性等因素影响,其预测等级和实测等级差异较大;④采用16点·km-2的采样密度开展地块尺度城市土地质量地球化学调查评价可以满足研究区及类似地区城市土地资源精准管控的需求. 相似文献