新时代中国自然资源研究的机遇与挑战

党的十九大报告提出建设中国特色社会主义新时代对自然资源综合研究和管理实践提出了新的需求。20世纪90年代以来在大规模的自然资源综合科学考察任务完成之后,自然资源综合研究逐渐成为资源学界的关注重点。新时代下自然资源研究面临着各种机遇和挑战。本文论述了山水林田湖草和联合国可持续发展目标（SDGs）与自然资源关联关系,重点探讨了当今国内外最为关注的四种典型关联研究主题,即资源—资产—资本关联、能源—资源—技术关联、食物—水—能源关联、能源—水—土地—碳排放关联,并结合新时代提出的政策导向,提出应对地缘政治风险、气候变化、国际贸易不确定性、重大应急事件等问题的新视角及相关建议,旨在为自然资源研究相关学科发展及创新能力建设提供新的思路。结果表明：百年未有的时代变革对自然资源的地位与作用产生了深刻影响,亟需加强自然资源的基础理论研究并尽早设立自然资源研究重大研发计划,为服务于国家自然资源战略及重大工程需求提供重要的科技支撑。     

雄安新区土壤重金属地球化学监测关键问题探讨

为构建雄安新区土壤环境质量监控网,系统获取雄安新区建设前后土壤重金属地球化学数据,长期监测新区建设过程中土壤重金属的变化趋势,在分析雄安新区土地质量地球化学调查监测数据和土壤重金属元素地球化学空间变异特征的基础上,采用统计学方法估算构建新区土壤地球化学监测网所需要的采样密度、采样数量和采样周期等参数,为后续新区土壤重金属地球化学长期监测工作提供参考.结果表明,调查区重金属As、 Cd、 Cu、 Hg和Pb元素变异系数36%,属于高度变异元素; Cd、 Cu和Pb元素块金系数均75%,其高度富集是在较高自然背景上出现了人为源的叠加.在置信水平P为95%和90%时,对样本平均值允许误差Δ分别为5%、 10%和15%的条件下,同时对新区土壤中8种重金属As、 Cd、 Cr、 Cu、 Hg、 Ni、 Pb和Zn进行土壤环境质量监测,最少合理采样数分别为1 077个、 270个、 120个和767个、 192个、 86个.土壤各重金属元素可监测最小变化量(MDC)介于0.0025～2.54 mg·kg~(-1)之间.在不同的重金属年变化速率下土壤重金属监测所需要的重访间隔时间不同,在目前调查区重金属年变化速率条件下,调查区土壤监测所需要的重访间隔时间在2 a左右.     

基于水化学和稳定同位素的白洋淀流域地表水和地下水硝酸盐来源

为探究白洋淀流域生活污水河附近地表水和地下水硝酸盐来源,于2014年7月沿着生活污水纳污河——府河采集地表水和地下水.通过分析水化学和氢氧同位素(δ~2H、δ~(18)O)明确地表水和地下水转化关系,并通过硝酸盐氮(δ~(15)N)同位素确定硝酸盐来源.结果表明,河水来源于城市和农村生活污水,同时受蒸发作用影响.浅层地下水受府河、白洋淀和太行山山区地下水侧向补给.浅层地下水硝酸盐超标(世界卫生组织)率为16.7%.受水体自净能力的影响,府河上游硝酸盐浓度大于下游.受区域水流方向的影响,南岸浅层地下水硝酸盐浓度大于北岸.近河和近淀区域浅层地下水硝酸盐主要来自于地表水.此外,土壤、化肥及其点源污染也是地下水硝酸盐的主要来源.城市和乡村居民生活及农业生产活动影响区域地表水和地下水硝酸盐.     

以环境质量改善为目标的贵安新区生态安全格局构建虚拟

以贵安新区为例,将水环境安全格局与大气环境安全格局纳入城市综合生态安全格局的评价框架;将GIS空间分析技术、ArcSWAT模型、WRF-Chem空气质量模型等进行耦合,对水环境、大气环境、石漠化、生物多样性、自然人文环境以及基本农田等在内的6项生态安全格局因子进行分析;将贵安新区生态安全格局划分为底线、满意和理想3个不同等级,并在此基础上对贵安新区城市扩展方案进行模拟.结果表明,贵安新区底线级生态安全格局面积为215.6km²,满意级生态安全格局面积为473.9km²,理想级生态安全格局面积为828.4km²,分别占贵安新区总面积的11.3%,24.9%和43.6%.生态宜居的城市建设用地面积为179.8km²,生态经济均衡发展模式下城市建设用地面积为708.9km²,经济优先发展模式下城市建设用地面积为1288.9km²,分别占贵安新区总面积的9.5%,37.3%和67.8%.综合生态安全格局的划定可作为一种有力的空间管控手段,以实现城市生态环境保护与宜居城镇的和谐发展.     

The ethics and politics of the caged layer hen debate in New Zealand

Changes in attitudes toward animal welfare, with a greater emphasis on the importance of allowing animals to express normal patterns of behavior has led to an examination of the practice of keeping hens in battery cages. There is widespread scientific consensus that the conditions of confinement and the barren nature of battery cages severely restrict hens’ behavioral repertoire, and are thus detrimental to their welfare. The New Zealand Animal Welfare Act 1999, stipulates that animals must have “the opportunity to display normal patterns of behaviour.” In spite of this provision, the New Zealand government has not acted in phasing out battery cages, arguing instead that there is insufficient evidence that welfare will be improved by a phase-out. There is evidence of strong industry pressure on the government, and the use of tactics common in policy considerations where changes are resisted by powerful interests. It is important that policy processes are better managed so that welfare changes are based on both public preferences and scientific knowledge, and ways of doing this are discussed.     

Modeling the Ecological Consequences of Land-Use Policies in an Urbanizing Region

Insight into future land use and effective ways to control land-use change is crucial to addressing environmental change. A variety of growth-control policies have been adopted by municipal and regional governments within the United States to try to minimize the ecological impact of continued urbanization, but it is often unclear if those policies can meet the stated ecological goals. Land-use-change models provide a way to generate predictions of future change, while exploring the impact of different land-use policies before irreversible transformations occur. In this article, an approach to modeling land-use policies that focuses on their ecological consequences is described. The policy simulation approach was used to predict future land use in the Barnegat Bay and Mullica River watersheds, in southeastern New Jersey, USA. Four commonly used policies were considered: down-zoning, cluster development, wetlands/water buffers, and open space protection. The results of the analysis suggest that none of the policies modeled were able to alter future land-use patterns, raising questions about the effectiveness of commonly adopted land-use policies. However, the policy modeling approach used in this study proved to be a useful way to determine if adoption of a given policy could improve the likelihood of meeting ecological goals.     

Managing Plantation Forests to Provide Short- to Long-Term Supplies of Wood to Streams: A Simulation Study Using New Zealand’s Pine Plantations

Riparian functions such as the recruitment of wood to streams take decades to recover after a clear-fell harvest to the stream edge. The implications of two sets of riparian management scenarios on the short- and long-term recruitment of wood to a hypothetical stream (central North Island, New Zealand) were compared through simulation modeling. In the first set (native forest buffer), a designated treeless riparian buffer was colonized by native forest species after a pine crop (Pinus radiata) had been harvested to the stream bank. In the second set (pine to native forest buffer), native forest species were allowed to establish under the pine canopy in a designated riparian buffer. In general, the volume of wood was greater in streams with wider buffers (5-m to 50-m) and this effect increased with forest age (800 years). The pine to native forest buffer supplied more wood to the stream more quickly, and matched the long-term supply to the stream from the native forest buffer. For the native forest buffer, total wood volume was minimal for the first 70 years and then increased uniformly for the remainder of the simulation. In contrast, the pine to native forest buffer produced a bimodal response in total wood volume with the initial sharp peak at year 100 attributed to pine recruitment and a second more gradual peak lasting for the rest of the simulation, which was similar to levels in the native forest simulations. These results suggest that existing plantations could be an important source of wood to the stream during the first 100+ years of native forest development.     

Aquatic Nuisance Species in the New York State Canal and Hudson River Systems and the Great Lakes Basin: An Economic and Environmental Assessment

A total of 154 aquatic alien species have invaded the New York State Canal and Hudson River systems and a total of 162 aquatic species have invaded the Great Lakes Basin. Some of these invasive species are causing significant damage and control costs in both aquatic ecosystems. In the New York State Canal and Hudson River systems, the nonindigenous species are causing an estimated 500 million dollars in economic losses each year. The economic and environmental situation in the Great Lakes Basin is far more serious from nonindigenous species, with losses estimated to be about 5.7 billion dollars per year. Commercial and sport fishing suffer the most from the biological invasions, with about 400 million dollars in losses reported for the New York State Canal and Hudson River systems and 4.5 billion dollars in losses reported for the Great Lakes Basin.     

EFFECTS OF CLIMATE VARIABILITY ON RIVERS: CONSEQUENCES FOR LONG TERM WATER QUALITY ANALYSIS1

ABSTRACT: Associations between the El Nino Southern Oscillation (ENSO) climate pattern and temporal variability in flow and 12 water quality variables were assessed at 77 river sites throughout New Zealand over a 13‐year period (1989 through 2001). Trends in water quality were determined for the same period. All 13 variables showed statistically significant linear regression relationships with values of the Southern Oscillation Index (SOI). The strongest relationships were for water temperature (mean R²= 0.20), dissolved reactive phosphorus (0.18), and oxidized nitrogen (0.17). The association with SOI varied by climate region. The observed patterns were generally consistent with known ENSO effects on New Zealand rainfall and air temperature. Trends in water quality variables for the periods 1989 through 1993, 1994 through 1998, and 1989 through 1998 were reasonably consistent with trends in SOI, even when the influence of river flow was removed from the data. This suggests that SOI effects on water quality are not necessarily a direct consequence of changes in flow associated with rainfall variation. In addition, both Baseline (32 upstream) and Impact (45 downstream) sites showed similar trends, indicating that changes in management were not directly responsible. We conclude that interpretation of long term water quality datasets in rivers requires that climate variability be fully acknowledged and dealt with explicitly in trend analyses.     

NUTRIENT AND HEAVY METAL TRANSPORT CAPABILITIES OF SEDIMENT IN THE SOUTHWESTERN UNITED STATES1

ABSTRACT: Most studies of nutrient loss from small study watersheds ignore a potentially important loss transported by the suspended sediment load. We proposed that the geology and vegetation of a watershed are predictors of the nutrient and heavy metal transporting capacity of its suspended sediment. Analyses of acid-digestable and extractable nutrients showed differences for sediments derived from ponderosa pine forests in the Southwest on different geologies. These differences were similar for soil, stream bank, and stream channel material for a given site. Suspended sediment collections had nutrient concentrations similar to those of stream channel collections. Different vegetation on a given geology affected primarily the organic matter content, cation exchange capacity, total P, and levels of extractable nutrients in sediment.