澳大利亚新南威尔士州《污染土地管理法》及其实施效果

澳大利亚新南威尔士州1997年出台的《污染土地管理法》核心内容包括污染土地责任人的界定、初步调查令、重大污染土地的认定、治理令、自愿治理方案、继续治理令,以及污染土地治理费用的偿还,即环保署支付费用的偿还、公共权力机构执行命令时支付费用的偿还、当事人之间费用的偿还和统一基金拨款的偿还。《污染土地管理法》实施以来,效果较好。     

生活垃圾资源化有效利用性分析

本文对生活垃圾资源化处理进行分析,垃圾中重金属的存在直接影响其有效利用,不断强化人们的环保意识,将分拣垃圾落实到实际行动中,生活垃圾能够变废为宝。     

成都市PM10对大气辐射环境的影响

为研究城市PM₁₀对大气辐射环境的影响,利用2013年6月1日—2014年5月31日成都市ρ(PM₁₀)和空气吸收剂量率的逐日监测数据,采用DCCA(去趋势互相关分析)法对二者的相关性进行分析. 结果表明:在1 a的时间尺度上,成都市ρ(PM₁₀)与空气吸收剂量率之间存在显著的正相关性(标度指数为0.928),并且这种正相关性具有长期、持续的特征,但相关性的强度却随时间以幂函数形式缓慢衰减. 冬夏两季ρ(PM₁₀)与空气吸收剂量率的相关性存在显著差异. 在冬季重度灰霾期间,二者DCCA标度指数为0.968,说明高ρ(PM₁₀)已对城市大气辐射环境产生了影响;而夏季二者的DCCA曲线分为两段,标度指数分别为0.579、1.519,折点位置对应的特征时间尺度约为2个月,推测这与当地夏季降雨的时间分布模式有关. 研究表明,在当前灰霾日益频发的背景下,需要重视城市重度灰霾对城市大气辐射环境造成的影响.      

Advancing urban ecosystem governance in New York City: Shifting towards a unified perspective for conservation management

New York City’s extensive municipal park system is home to forests, wetlands, and grasslands that provide important ecological and social benefits to the city’s population. While efforts and programs exist to restore and protect these spaces, management recommendations are complex due to variable conditions in urban natural areas. To advance the management of urban natural areas, the first comprehensive ecological assessment was conducted through a collaborative effort across 4000 ha of natural areas within New York City parkland. Field and spatial data were collected and analyzed to identify the extent of forests, the types of forests, and their conditions. This approach will help guide decision-making and prioritization of natural area management at the regional level by developing unique quantitative targets for urban forests. This project serves as an example of collaboration between private and public institutions advancing the governance of urban natural areas to achieve citywide conservation and policy goals.     

Examining the determinants of public environmental concern: Evidence from national public surveys

Early research showed that citizens’ environmental concern in the United States was linked to three individual-level factors: socio-demographic variables, political orientations, and personal beliefs or worldviews about human-nature relations. Given many changes in the American society over the last several decades, one important, yet unanswered question is whether these factors still drive public environmental concern in the United States today, and if so, to what extent. This study, drawing from extant theoretical and empirical studies, aims to reinvestigate the determinants of citizens’ environmental concern by employing three national public surveys conducted in 2004, 2007, and 2013. Our data analyses confirm and expand the findings of previous research on the significance and importance of political ideology, fundamental beliefs about human-nature relations, and certain socioeconomic factors such as gender and race in explaining citizens’ environmental concern. More specifically, political liberals, people with higher New Ecological Paradigm values, females, and Non-Whites tend to be more concerned about environmental problems than their counterparts are. Our data analyses also reveal some interesting findings when compared to many previous studies: first, our data indicate a positive relationship between age and environmental concern, suggesting that older people in the United States are more concerned about the environment than younger adults; second, unlike most past research showing a positive Education-Environmental Concern relationship, our study suggests that education level seems to have little effect in explaining citizens’ environmental concern measured in this study. Key implications for environmental policymaking and recommendations for future research are discussed in the conclusion.     

用离子交换树脂柱法观测长春市大气氮沉降

为了解城市环境中大气氮沉降的特点,于2008年9月—2009年9月,使用离子交换树脂柱法对长春市大气氮沉降进行了观测. 结果表明:观测期间,长春市大气硝态氮沉降量月均值为5.33 mg/m2>/sup>,亚硝态氮沉降量月均值为1.67 mg/m2>/sup>. 大气硝态氮和亚硝态氮沉降量有明显的局部分异特点,沉降量大的地点主要分布在交通干线和热电厂周边地区,显示了大气硝态氮的点源和线源特征. 大气氨氮沉降量月均值为3.10 mg/m2>/sup>; 各观测点间大气氨氮沉降量变化明显小于硝态氮和亚硝态氮,显示了大气氨氮的面源特征.      

西安市街道灰尘磁化率特征及其污染指示意义

以磁学参数作为环境重金属污染的一项指标,对西安市街道灰尘进行了系统的采样和测定.结果显示,磁化率可以反映西安市的整体污染水平.街道灰尘磁化率值较高、频率磁化率较低,二者呈显著负相关,表明街道灰尘磁性增强源于人类活动影响.磁化率随温度变化曲线表明,受电厂影响的样品主要含磁铁矿,而污染源较复杂的样品则含有磁赤铁矿、赤铁矿以及少量铁单质.磁化率与交通污染导致的Pb、Ba等元素及冶金行业带来的Cu、Cr等元素间有较好的相关性,表明西安市主要污染物来自交通污染及冶金行业排放.在局部范围内,磁化率与元素的相关性随元素种类的不同而具有明显的差异,表明不同区域内导致磁化率升高的人为活动存在差异.     

新农村建设中的环境问题与规划对策

文章对新世纪农村环境问题的内涵进行了探讨,结合新农村规划的实践提出了有针对性的建议与对策,并进一步以新农村建设中产业选择和污水处理问题为例进行了具体的分析研究。     

Applying 3DCE to environmentally responsible manufacturing practices

A review of recent literature in the fields of operations, supply chain, and management indicates there is on-going interest in improving new product development (NPD) performance. Three-dimensional concurrent engineering (3DCE), the simultaneous design of product, process and supply chain have been proposed as a way to improve traditional NPD outcomes, such as reduced time to market, lower costs, and improved customer acceptance. There appears to be a lesser concern associated with the environmental impacts of new products. Environmentally responsible manufacturing (ERM) on new product development focuses on reduced emissions, hazardous materials elimination, and lower product weight without sacrificing functionality. This paper explores the following issue: will employing 3DCE to integrate NPD and ERM yield better benefits than the separate and uncoordinated application of environmental goals and NPD initiatives?     

基于输出系数法及土地利用方式识别的营养盐空间负荷解析—以十堰市为例

在过去的几十年里,我国氮肥和磷肥的施用量增长显著。然而,过量的营养物质也导致内陆和沿海水域水体富营养化问题。氮、磷营养盐的控制通常被认为是减少湖泊富营养化和蓝藻水华的重要组成部分。目前,准确识别营养物质的来源和定量分析过量营养物质浓度在空间上的表现仍需要特别关注。根据十堰市污染物统计及生态环境部门相关监测数据,通过输出系数法及土地利用方式识别,分析了氮、磷营养盐来源及其空间负荷分布。结果表明：十堰市总氮、总磷均主要来源于面源,占比分别为81.84%和80.08%,点源占比较小。其中总氮污染负荷主要来源于农田径流污染源,占45.72%,其次是干湿沉降污染源,占11.43%;总磷污染负荷也主要来源于农田径流污染源,占30.51%,其次是水土流失污染源,占22.28%。总氮入河负荷强度最高为22.71 t/km²,总磷入河负荷强度最高为5.22 t/km²。