黄钠铁矾法氧化去除废锂电池硫酸浸出液中的铁

废锂电池中含有的Co、Ni和Cu等金属具有回收价值,Fe的存在降低了有价金属的回收效率。为去除废锂电池硫酸浸出液中的Fe,采用黄钠铁矾法分别以氯酸钠和过氧化氢作为氧化剂氧化除Fe,并优化了过氧化氢作为氧化剂的除Fe工艺参数。实验结果表明:过氧化氢作为氧化剂的除Fe效果好于氯酸钠;在n(H2O2)∶n(Fe)=0.5、初始溶液pH为1.8、终点pH为2.5、反应时间为2.0 h、搅拌速率为500 r/min的最佳工艺条件下,初始ρ(Fe)为0.212g/L的硫酸浸出液经除Fe处理后ρ(Fe)小于0.004 g/L,Fe去除率达98.0%,Co、Ni和Cu的损失率分别为1.04%、2.17%和1.41%。     

Comparative sensitivity of 20 bioassays for soil quality

Increasing evidence suggests that the use of a single bioassay will never provide a full picture of the quality of the environment. Only a test battery, composed of bioassays of different animal and plant species from different trophic levels will reduce uncertainty, allowing an accurate assessment of the quality of the environment. In the present study, a test battery composed of 20 bioassays of varying biological endpoints has been compared Apart from lethality and reproductive failure in earthworms, springtails, nematoda, algae and vascular plants, these endpoints also included bioavailibility of metals (bacteria), heat-shock induction (nematodes, algae), DNA damage (bacteria, earthworm, vascular plants), β-galactosidase (Daphnia) and esterase activity (algae) and a range of immunological parameters (earthworm). Four chemicals (cadmium, phenol, pentachlorophenol and triflurahn) — each representing a different toxic mode of action — were applied in a dilution series (from 1 mg/kg up to 1000 mg/kg) onto OECD standard soil. The tests have been performed both on these artificially contaminated soil samples and on aqueous extracts subsequently obtained from these soils. The results show that the immunological parameters and the loss of weight in the earthworms were among the most sensitive solid phase assays. Esterase inhibition and heat-shock induction in algae were shown to be extremely sensitive when applied to soil extracts. As previously shown at the species level, no single biological endpoint was shown to be the most sensitive for all four modes of toxic action.     

用废锂电池制备Co3O4

将废锂电池正极用酸溶解,再分别采用分步沉淀法和吸附沉淀法去除废锂电池液中的Fe^3＋,Al^3＋,Ca^2＋,Mg^2＋,抽滤后得到含CoSO。的滤液;用NaHCO3作沉淀剂,对CoSO4滤液进行沉淀反应,将得到的沉淀物过滤、洗涤、干燥后得CoCO4粉末;将CoCO4粉末进行煅烧后得Co3O4粉末。实验得出的制备CoCO4粉末的最佳工艺条件：反应温度50℃,用NaHCO,作沉淀剂;制备Co3O4粉末的最佳工艺条件：煅烧温度600℃,煅烧时间大于4h。在该条件下得到的Co3O4粉末符合锂电池生产的要求。     

Micro calorimeter study on the thermal stability of lithium-ion battery electrolytes

With the extensive applications of lithium-ion batteries, many batteries explosion accidents were reported. The thermal stability of lithium-ion battery electrolyte could substantially affect the safety of lithium-ion battery. The C80 micro calorimeter was used to study the thermal stability of several commonly used organic solvents and electrolytes. The samples were heated in argon atmosphere and air atmosphere, respectively. The chemical reaction kinetics was supposed to fit by an Arrhenius law, then the self-accelerating decomposition temperature was calculated. It is found that most of the samples are stable in argon atmosphere while decomposing in air atmosphere, and the single organic solvent is more stable than the electrolyte generally.     

厌氧水解—高负荷生物滤池处理城镇污水的试验研究

厌氧水解－高负荷生物滤池是一种利用附着在塑料模块填料上的微生物系统对城镇污水中的污染物质进行降解处理的绿色环保技术。厌氧水解池和高负荷生物滤池采用的塑料模块填料具有高空隙率、高附着面积、高布水性能和抗堵塞的优异性能,并无须回流。当厌氧水解池水力停留时间为4小时,生物滤池水力负荷为30米^3/米^2。日,该系统处理城镇污水的CODCr去除率达80－86％,BOD5去除率达85％－95％。SS去除率达85－95％,处理后出水上述各项指标均可满足国家二级生物处理排放标准的要求。与广泛运用的活性法处理系统相比,该技术可节约基建投资20％以上,节约能耗50％以上,同时还具有流程简单、管理方便、耐冲击负荷、剩余污泥少等特点。     

Reclaiming the spent alkaline zinc manganese dioxide batteries collected from the manufacturers to prepare valuable electrolytic zinc and LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4 materials

A process for reclaiming the materials in spent alkaline zinc manganese dioxide (Zn–Mn) batteries collected from the manufacturers to prepare valuable electrolytic zinc and LiNi_0.5Mn_1.5O₄ materials is presented. After dismantling battery cans, the iron cans, covers, electric rods, organic separator, label, sealing materials, and electrolyte are separated through the washing, magnetic separation, filtrating, and sieving operations. Then, the powder residues react with H₂SO₄ (2 mol L^?1) solution to dissolve zinc under a liquid/solid ratio of 3:1 at room temperature, and subsequently, the electrolytic Zn with purity of ?99.8% is recovered in an electrolytic cell with a cathode efficiency of ?85% under the conditions of 37–40 °C and 300 A m^?2. The most of MnO₂ and a small quantity of electrolytic MnO₂ are recovered from the filtration residue and the electrodeposit on the anode of electrolytic cell, respectively. The recovered manganese oxides are used to synthesize LiNi_0.5Mn_1.5O₄ material of lithium-ion battery. The as-synthesized LiNi_0.5Mn_1.5O₄ discharges 118.3 mAh g^?1 capacity and 4.7 V voltage plateau, which is comparable to the sample synthesized using commercial electrolytic MnO₂. This process can recover the substances in the spent Zn–Mn batteries and innocuously treat the wastewaters, indicating that it is environmentally acceptable and applicable.     

锌锰电池正极材料净化模拟废水中磷的研究

研究利用废旧锌锰电池的阳极材料净化模拟废水中的磷,探讨了净化过程中pH、吸附剂用量、反应时间和磷初始浓度等操作条件对磷净化效果的影响,找出了适宜的操作条件并对净化过程的机理进行了分析。通过试验发现pH对磷净化过程有显著影响,含磷废水净化过程中适宜的pH为8.0;随着吸附剂加入量的增加和初始溶液的降低,磷的净化率逐渐增加。锌锰电池正极材料对水中磷的净化过程速度较快,5 min即可使磷的吸附率达到93.41%。对平衡吸附容量数据进行回归分析发现磷净化过程的吸附等温线可以用Langmuir方程和Freundlich方程表示,Langmuir方程参数Q0为12.41 mg/g,Freundlich方程参数n为2.927,用不同的动力学模型对试验数据进行回归分析发现吸附剂对水中磷的吸附过程符合假二级模型。锌锰电池正极材料可以有效净化废水中的磷。     

退役三元锂电池循环利用系统减碳效率评估及优化分析

随着我国新能源汽车产业的快速发展,大批动力电池进入退役期.针对退役动力电池循环利用现状,识别降本减碳协同效应并开展系统优化分析,成为重要研究课题.本文综合采用生命周期评价和生命周期成本方法,分析了当前我国退役三元锂电池循环利用系统的碳足迹和经济成本.结果表明,1GWh容量的退役三元锂电池循环利用系统碳足迹和生命周期成本分别为-2.33×10⁷kgCO₂eq和-33613.15万元.结合碳足迹和生命周期成本二维指标开展减碳效率评估和情景分析发现,相对于现实系统,汽车生产商主导的优化情景减碳效率较低,提高梯次利用比例的优化情景具有最优减碳效率.通过提高梯次利用比例和采用先进资源化技术均能够显著提升退役三元锂电池循环利用系统的减碳效率.     

A review of hazards associated with primary lithium and lithium-ion batteries

Primary lithium batteries contain hazardous materials such as lithium metal and flammable solvents, which can lead to exothermic activity and runaway reactions above a defined temperature. Lithium-ion batteries operating outside the safe envelope can also lead to formation of lithium metal and thermal runaway. Despite protection by battery safety mechanisms, fires originating from primary lithium and lithium-ion batteries are a relatively frequent occurrence.This paper reviews the hazards associated with primary lithium and lithium-ion cells, with an emphasis on the role played by chemistry at individual cell level. Safety mechanisms to prevent the occurrence and limit the consequences of incidents are reviewed, together with safety tests to monitor compliance with battery safety regulations and standards. Incident information from news accounts and open literature sources are reviewed to extract causal information.It is concluded that the potential severity of incidents during storage, transport and recycling of waste batteries can be significantly higher than in end-use applications. Safe storage, packaging and labelling practices, as well as communication among the parties involved, are essential to ensure safety across the battery lifecycle. It is recommended that a database of lithium battery incidents would be valuable to improve the evidence base for informing accident prevention measures.     

Li-ion battery recycling and cobalt flow analysis in Japan

Batteries sometimes contain precious or toxic substances (e.g. nickel, cobalt, lead, mercury, cadmium). However, the collection and recycling rate of small batteries were low in Japan.We focus on cobalt in lithium ion (Li-ion) batteries and conduct chemical analysis, questioner survey and flow analysis in Japan.Results of chemical analysis showed that the concentration of cobalt in Li-ion batteries was around 20% regardless of the year manufactured or the manufacturer. As a result of the consumer questionnaire survey, it became clear that 70% or more of the small batteries are not being removed when small electronic products are finally disposed. The survey also revealed that recognition of the law and system for collection and recycling of small rechargeable batteries is approximately 30–40%. Substance flow analysis showed that both production and demand for Li-ion batteries (cobalt) have increased during 2002–2010. The collection rate for used Li-ion batteries was about 10% during this period; uncollected batteries were either stored or disposed through incineration and landfill as municipal solid waste.