石墨炉原子吸收法测定水中微量镍的研究

研究了石墨炉原子吸收光谱法测定生活饮用水中微量镍的方法,对基体改进剂和最佳加热程序进行了探讨。结果表明,本方法不需添加基体改进剂,灰化温度为1 200℃、原子化温度2 300℃,加标回收率为93.7%~1 03.0%,RSD<5.2%,该方法的检测下限为5.0μg/L。方法简便、准确,适用于生活饮用水中镍的测定。     

35Cr2Ni4MoA 材料防腐蚀性能验证研究

目的验证35Cr2Ni4MoA材料采取镀硬铬、封孔表面防护的耐腐蚀性能。方法开展35Cr2Ni4MoA材料表面镀硬铬有无封孔防护状态下的实验室加速腐蚀环境试验,研究材料表面腐蚀行为特点,加速腐蚀试验共8个周期。通过蚀坑深度、腐蚀面积、单位面积腐蚀数量等描述35Cr2Ni4MoA材料表面腐蚀情况。结果 35Cr2Ni4MoA材料表面镀硬铬和封孔防护后试验件腐蚀程度明显减低。结论镀硬铬、封孔表面防护能有效提高海洋环境下35Cr2Ni4MoA材料表面的耐蚀性能。     

H13钢表面多弧离子镀CrAlN涂层的显微硬度及耐磨性影响

目的 提高H13热作模具钢表面的显微硬度及耐磨性。方法 通过多弧离子镀技术,分别对未经热处理的H13钢、淬火H13钢以及氮化H13钢的表面进行多弧离子镀沉积CrAlN涂层,并分别对这3种基体上的CrAlN涂层的显微硬度和摩擦磨损性能进行研究。结果 涂层表面均较为平整,且出现了白色小颗粒。经过淬火和氮化处理后,H13钢CrAlN涂层的显微硬度达到3 300HV以上,达到基体的14倍多。与基体的摩擦系数相比,淬火和氮化处理后,H13钢的摩擦系数比基体低,镀膜后的摩擦系数比基体高。氮化H13钢表面CrAlN涂层的磨损机理主要是磨粒磨损和黏着磨损共同作用,淬火H13钢的CrAlN涂层磨损机理主要是黏着磨损;淬火和氮化后H13钢基体上CrAlN涂层的耐磨性均得到较大的提高。     

Bioavailability of trace metals in brownfield soils in an urban area in the UK

Thirty-two brownfield sites from the city of Wolverhampton were selected from those with a former industrial use, wasteland or areas adjacent to industrial processes. Samples (<2 mm powdered soil fraction) were analysed, using inductively coupled plasma–atomic emission spectrometry (ICP–AES) for 20 elements. Loss on ignition and pH were also determined. A five-step chemical sequential extraction technique was carried out. Single leach extraction with 0.12 M hydrochloric acid of Pb, Cu and Zn in soil was determined as a first approximation of the bioavailability in the human stomach. Some of the sites were found to have high concentrations of the potentially toxic elements Pb, Zn, Cu and Ni. The partitioning of metals showed a high variability, however a number of trends were determined. The majority of Zn was partitioned into the least chemically stable phases (steps 1, 2 and 3). The majority of Cu was associated with the organic phase (step 4) and the majority of Ni was fractionated into the residue phase (step 5). The majority of Pb was associated with the residue fraction (step 5) followed by Fe–Mn oxide fraction (step 3). The variability reflects the heterogeneous and complex nature of metal speciation in urban soils with varied historic histories. There was a strong inverse linear relationship between the metals Ni, Zn and Pb in the readily exchangeable phase (step 1) and soil pH, significant at P < 0.01 level. There was a significant increase (P < 0.05) in the partitioning of Cu, Ni and Zn into step 4 (the organic phase) in soils with a higher organic carbon content (estimated by loss on ignition). Copper was highly partitioned into step 4 as it has a strong association with organics in soil but this phase was not important for the partitioning of Ni or Zn. The fractionation of Ni, Cu and Zn increased significantly in step 3 when the total metal concentration increases (P < 0.01). The Fe–Mn oxide fraction becomes more important in soils elevated in these metals, possibly due to the scavenging of metals by oxides. Cu and Pb extracted by HCl was statistically similar to the sum of the metals in steps 1 to 4 (P < 0.01) and HCl available Zn was statistically similar to the sum of Zn in steps 1 to 3 (P < 0.01). Step 4 (the organic phase) was not an important phase for Zn, so it was concluded that any Cu, Zn and Pb present in soil in a nonresidue phase would be potentially available for uptake into the human system once soil has been ingested.     

30CrMnSiA镀镉层厚度优化研究

目的基于GJB 594A《金属镀覆层和化学覆盖层选择原则与厚度系列》,综合考虑防腐蚀和疲劳性能,对30CrMnSiA镀镉层厚度进行优化。方法开展30CrMnSiA镀镉5个厚度系列的疲劳试验,计算材料的DFRcutoff,研究镀层厚度对疲劳性能的影响。通过中性盐雾试验,研究镀层厚度对材料抗腐蚀性能的影响规律,最后综合考虑疲劳及抗腐蚀性能,提出优化后的镀镉层厚度范围。结果镀层厚度控制在5~25μm时,材料的DFRcutoff下降幅度在15%以内,厚度超过25μm后基体材料的DFR_(cutoff)值下降20%。在中性盐雾环境下,厚度控制在12~25μm时,能满足海军飞机一般钢结构件抗腐蚀性能的要求,当厚度超过25μm后,继续增加镀层厚度对抗腐蚀性能的提升并不明显。结论镀镉使材料的疲劳性能降低,其抗中性盐雾腐蚀能力与镀层厚度成正比。针对海军飞机使用环境特点,推荐30CrMnSiA钢结构件的镀镉厚度范围为12~18μm,取上限值。     

镍对纤维藻（Ankistrodesmus．sp．）毒性作用研究

本文研究了重金属镍对一种淡水绿藻──纤维藻（Ａｎｋｉｓｔｒｏｄｅｓｍｕｓ．ｓｐ．）的毒性作用．结果表明：纤维藻对镍毒作用反应敏感．镍对纤维藻的半数有效浓度９６ＥＣ５０为０．３３μｇ／ｍＬ镍，当镍浓度≥０．４μｇ／ｍＬ时，纤维藻的生长受到明显抑制，生长滞期延长，光合作用受阻，细胞膜透性增加．当镍浓度为３．２μｇ／ｍＬ时，其蛋白质氨基酸含量明显下降．     

Shift in ectomycorrhizal community composition in Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) seedling roots as a response to nickel deposition and removal of lichen cover

Scots pine seedlings were exposed to wet-deposited nickel (Ni) and removal of lichen cover in a dry heath Scots pine forest. Ni deposition affected the colonization of roots by indigenous ectomycorrhizal fungi in contrasting ways in intact and skimmed quadrats. Highest frequencies of tubercle morphotypes of ectomycorrhiza were found in quadrats exposed to 100 mg m⁻² year⁻¹ Ni in lichen covered treatment, while in skimmed quadrats these peaked after the treatment with 10 mg Ni m⁻² year⁻¹. Removal of the lichen layer increased the value of diversity index (H′) of ectomycorrhizal fungal community, probably due to the increase in the evenness of the morphotype distribution. Lichen removal seemed also to improve the condition of the short roots, as the frequencies of poor and senescent short roots were decreased by the removal.