环境地球物理方法在地下水污染监测中的应用

环境地球物理方法是近年来用于环境科学的新方法。文中介绍了环境地球物理方法的基本原理,重点讨论了环境地球物理方法在地下水污染监测中的应用、效果及前景。      

Experimental investigation of groundwater contamination by surface sources: Determination of adsorption capacity,diffusion, and sorption potential of selected anions in different soils

The present study investigated the fate and transport of two significant anions through soil to explore their potential as groundwater contaminants. The retention properties of chloride and sulfate in soils having several significantly different characteristics (soil‐1 and soil‐2) were determined using adsorption test and adsorption‐diffusion column experiments. The maximum adsorption capacity of chloride was 3.7 and 1.16 mg/g, respectively, in soil‐1 and soil‐2, with organic matter (OM) content of 3.92% and 4.69%, respectively. The sulfate adsorption obtained was 24.09% and 13.83%, respectively, in the two soils. The anions exhibited monolayer adsorption in the soils with replacement of hydroxyl ions from soils as the major mechanism of adsorption. On the other hand, the adsorption capacities obtained from the adsorption‐diffusion column experiment were about 100 times lower compared to that of the column tests of both of the soils. The maximum adsorption capacity of chloride was 0.03 mg/g and 0.01 mg/g, respectively, in soil‐1 and soil‐2, whereas that of sulfate was 0.04 mg/g and 0.03 mg/g. The empirical relation for depth of penetration (d) from a known spillage onto the soil surface was determined as a function of sorption capacity (S) and initial anion concentration (C) as d = 0.0073e^(?57S)C and d = 0.0038e^(?35S)C for chloride and sulfate, respectively.     

ROLE OF EROSION PROCESSES IN TRANSFER OF RADIONUCLIDES: RESULTS OF FIELD EXPERIMENTS1

ABSTRACT: An experimental one-year fieldwork has been conducted in the vicinity of the Chernobyl NPP, within an agricultural watershed, to study the transfer of radionuclides brought into the environment by the disaster of 1986. Presented are results of observation of the washout of ¹³⁷Cs from the runoff plot both in natural conditions and under artificial rainfalls. Beside traditional hydro-logical methods, new techniques were used allowing to consider microtopographical peculiarities of the runoff plot and their role in the redistribution of radionuclides. The estimate of the annual mass balance for the soil and the radionuclides within the runoff plot has shown that, regardless of significant areal variation of their concentration, the ¹³⁷Cs washout with the solid runoff resulted from artificial rainfalls amounts to some 1 percent of its reserves in the uppermost 5 cm of the topsoil. The same parameter for the natural runoff is lower by an order of magnitude. Both these factors of self-purification are about two times less than natural radioactive decay of ¹³⁷Cs.     

中国蔬菜硝酸盐和亚硝酸盐污染因素及控制研究

本文综述了近十几年来我国城市蔬菜中硝酸盐和亚硝酸盐污染的研究结果,表明随着氮肥使用量的增大,蔬菜中硝酸盐污染较为严重而亚硝酸盐污染也不容忽视。探讨了蔬菜受硝酸盐和亚硝酸盐污染的影响因素及控制对策     

非饱和土壤轻油污染多相流研究进展

轻油泄漏到地下后 ,在非饱和土壤中水、气、油三相相互作用、相互影响 ,共同构成多相流体系统。在简要分析轻油污染问题的产生、危害以及轻油泄漏在地表以下运移方式的基础上 ,介绍并总结了近些年来国内外土壤轻油污染有关的多相流研究方面的进展 ,包括国外的模型研究成果、国内外试验研究方法和研究成果 ,并指出目前研究中存在的问题和需要进一步探讨的方向     

黄河耗氧性有机物污染特征及泥沙对其参数测定的影响

对黄河干流1980,1992～1999年耗氧性有机物污染监测数据进行了分析,并通过对高锰酸盐指数(CODMn)与泥沙含量监测数据间的相关分析和模拟实验研究,探讨了泥沙对CODMn测定的影响.结果表明:(1)由于泥沙中腐殖质的成分之一富里酸能溶解于酸,在水样加酸处理过程中将进入水相,且富里酸能被化学氧化剂所氧化,但在自然条件下很难发生生物氧化和消耗水体的溶解氧,因此,由于泥沙的影响,CODMn夸大了耗氧性有机物的污染;(2)黄河干流河水的生化需氧量(BOD5)从上游至下游存在增加的趋势;(3)1992年干流河水的BOD5显著大于1980年的BOD5,在1992～1999年间,河水BOD5的年均值存在上升的趋势,枯水期均值存在上升的趋势,而丰水期均值的增长趋势不明显,由此表明,耗氧性有机污染物的点源排放在增加,而面源排放的增长趋势不明显,甚至存在降低的趋势;(4)黄河干流的耗氧性有机污染物主要来自点源排放,BOD5的点源与面源负荷的多年均值之比为2 81.     

纳米沸石对土壤Cd形态及大白菜Cd吸收的影响

通过室内培养试验研究了不同镉污染水平(1、5、10和15 mg·kg-1Cd)下,不同施用量(0、5、10和20 g·kg-1)的纳米沸石(NZ)和普通沸石(OZ)对土壤镉形态分配比例(FDC)随时间的变化情况,并通过盆栽试验进一步研究纳米沸石和普通沸石对土壤镉形态和大白菜Cd吸收的影响.室内培养试验表明,施用纳米沸石和普通沸石有效降低了土壤可交换态镉FDC,增加了铁锰氧化态镉FDC,在0~28 d的培养过程中,可交换态镉FDC呈先降后增后趋于平缓最后增加的趋势.培养结束时,沸石处理使可交换态镉FDC从0 d时的72.0%~88.0%降至30.0%~66.4%,各处理土壤镉主要以可交换态存在.盆栽试验表明,施用纳米沸石和普通沸石均显著降低了土壤可交换态镉含量和FDC,增加了碳酸盐结合态、铁锰氧化态、有机态和残渣态镉含量和FDC,以高量纳米沸石处理(20 g·kg-1)对可交换态镉的降低效果最好.土壤可交换态镉FDC与土壤p H呈显著负相关(P0.05),与大白菜地上部和根部镉含量呈极显著正相关(P0.01).施用沸石使1和5 mg·kg-1Cd水平土壤p H分别提高了1.8%~45.5%和6.1%~54.3%,土壤可交换态镉FDC分别降低了16.3%~47.7%和16.2%~46.7%,大白菜各部位镉含量分别降低了1.0%~75.0%和3.8%~53.2%,纳米沸石对土壤和植株镉的降低效果优于普通沸石.中低量(≤10 g·kg-1)的沸石对大白菜生长有明显的促进作用,而高量沸石(20 g·kg-1)则抑制了大白菜的生长.与普通沸石相比,纳米沸石显著提高大白菜生物量的同时,也显著降低了土壤可交换态镉含量和大白菜镉含量及镉积累量.     

腐殖酸钠和表面活性剂对黄土中石油污染物解吸增溶作用

选用十二烷基苯磺酸钠(LAS)、十二烷基硫酸钠(SDS)和十二烷基磺酸钠(SAS)对污染的土壤进行解吸实验,研究了这3种阴离子表面活性剂和腐殖酸钠对黄土中柴油类污染物的协同增溶作用.结果表明,腐殖酸钠和3种阴离子表面活性剂对黄土中柴油的解吸均有显著增溶作用,使柴油的解吸量明显增加,柴油的去除率最高可达63%.SDS对柴油的解吸量随腐殖酸钠浓度增大呈线性增加关系;但腐殖酸钠浓度增加对 LAS和SAS的解吸曲线有突越点,超过此浓度后反而会抑制解吸作用.     

电脑散热风扇灰尘中多溴二苯醚的污染特征和环境健康风险评价

不同模型对土壤污染物空间分布预测精度具有重要影响,针对现有方法不能较好模拟土壤污染物较强的空间变异特征以及缺乏对影响污染物空间分布的关键环境因子识别,本研究基于随机森林（RF）模型,通过融合多源环境要素,开展了某冶炼厂周边农田土壤砷含量空间分布预测研究,并与反距离加权（IDW）和逐步线性回归模型（STEPREG）相比较.结果表明,研究区农田土壤砷污染范围较广,污染严重区域主要分布在研究区南部,3种模型模拟的砷污染空间分布虽总体趋势相似,但局部区域差异明显,IDW和STEPREG模型不能很好地反映研究区土壤污染的强空间变异特征,RF模型模拟结果较好的表达局部高污染区域的细部变化.不同环境要素对农田土壤砷含量空间分布影响的重要性不同,研究区环境变量和地形变量是影响土壤砷含量空间分布的关键环境因子.交叉验证结果表明,RF模型相对IDW和STEPREG模型具有最小的均方根误差（RMSE）、平均绝对误差（MAE）、平均误差（ME）和最大的R²,RF模型的RMSE、MAE、ME较IDW模型分别降低了10.8%、5.5%和88.1%,较STEPREG模型分别降低了17.8%、18.4%和94.7%,表明采用RF模型对研究区农田土壤砷含量预测精度最高,取得了最优的预测效果.本研究结果能够为土壤重金属污染空间分布制图提供方法学参考.     

Cadmium uptake by different rice genotypes that produce white or dark grains

IntroductionCadmium(Cd)isanon essentialtracemetalthathasadverseeffectsonplants,animalsandhumans.EnvironmentalcontaminationwithCdduetoanthropogenicactivities,suchasmining,industry,agricultureandwastedisposalhasbeenincreasingsincethebeginningofthe 2 0thcentury (Alloway,1995) .ResearchoncontrollingCdpollutionassociatedwithassessingandmanagingacuteinjurytohumanhealththroughoccupationalexposureanddisposalofCdfromindustrialpointsourcestolocalpopulationsthroughseveralpathwayshasmadeconsiderableadva…