层次分析法在污染场地修复技术优选中的应用

层次分析法作为一种定性分析与定量计算相结合的多目标决策分析方法,在环境规划、管理和评价领域已有较广泛的应用,比如在城市垃圾填埋场选址、POPs污染物处理处置技术优选、生态环境质量评价等领域。然而,层次分析法在污染场地管理领域的应用尚未见报道。本研究在考虑我国现有修复技术种类、成本费用、环境友好程度、技术成熟度、公共接受程度等方面,建立综合考虑修复方法的技术、经济、社会、环境等因素的层次分析模型,为修复技术优选提供科学依据。     

Nitrogen leaching under corn cultivation stabilized after four years application of pig manure to red soil in subtropical China

The impact of long-term pig manure application to a red soil in subtropical China on nitrate leaching was investigated in a field lysimeter experiment from 2002 to 2009. Simultaneously, nitrate leaching was simulated by water and nitrogen management model (WNMM) basing on these observed data to determine the environmental threshold of manure application. Nitrate concentrations in the drainage and nitrate leaching under low manure application (150 kg N ha⁻¹ y⁻¹) did not increase during the study period. Interestingly, the nitrate concentrations in drainage water following high manure application (600 kg N ha⁻¹ y⁻¹) increased exponentially in the first four years and then remained at 13 mg l⁻¹ for the next four years. Addition of lime based on high manure application had no significant effect on nitrate concentrations or total nitrate leaching. WNMM simulated the variation in corn yields and nitrate leaching well. The environmentally safe threshold for long-term application of pig manure was 360 kg N ha⁻¹.     

城市污泥用于铅锌矿区重金属污染修复的试验研究

选取黔西北矿渣为研究对象,研究了城市污泥改良矿区重金属污染的可行性和存在的问题,同时在借鉴前人利用污泥的经验基础之上,通过盆栽试验,探讨了纯污泥和不同配比的粉煤灰钝化污泥对铅锌冶炼废渣中重金属有效性的影响,以及不同处理的栽培基质对玉米的生长发育、营养状况和植株中重金属累积的影响,并分析了粉煤灰钝化污泥在矿山土地复垦中的应用前景,以为粉煤灰和污泥的土地利用提供一定的依据,达到既能充分利用这些固体废弃物资源又不污染环境的目的。     

热阴极电离真空规在卫星热试验中的使用与失效分析

热阴极电离真空规(简称电离规)在高真空测量领域有着广泛的应用。介绍了电离规在卫星真空热试验中的使用情况,并进行了分析。在卫星真空热试验中,分别在星表及星上布置了电离规,使用过程中发现星表电离规在整个试验期间测量正常,而星上电离规在试验开始一段时间后均会失效,且故障现象一致,通过对比分析发现是规管内部受有机物污染所致。     

三亚湾表层沉积物中重金属污染特征及生态风险评价

对三亚湾10个表层沉积物中的6种重金属元素进行分析,并运用潜在生态危害指数法对重金属的污染程度和潜在生态风险程度进行了评价。研究结果表明:表层沉积物中6种重金属平均含量高低依次为Zn>Pb>Cu>As>Cd>Hg。10个站位单个重金属都处于低污染水平,重金属平均污染程度由大到小依次为Pb>Zn>Cu>As>Hg>Cd;研究区域多种重金属综合污染程度均属于低污染。6种重金属生态危害程度大小是Hg>Pb>Cd>Cu=As>Zn;监测海域的总体潜在生态风险程度低。     

温州市不同功能区地表径流污染特征研究

以温州市城区为例,在多雨季节对商业区、工业区、居民区、交通路面、绿地等五大功能区的降雨径流水质进行了6次采样监测,发现不同功能区地表径流水质差异较大。前10 min初期径流中各功能区COD、TN;商业区和工业区的NH4+-N;商业区、交通路面和工业区TP的平均浓度均劣于地表水V类水质标准。随着降雨历时的延长,降雨径流中主要污染物浓度逐渐下降,并在30~45 min趋于稳定。对COD而言,由商业区造成的径流年污染负荷最高,达5 763.15 t/a;对SS而言,温州市几个重要工业经济开发区所造成的径流年污染负荷最为严重,达到15 883.67 t/a,居民区次之,达11 804.81 t/a;对NH4+-N而言,由工业区、商业区和居民区所造成的径流污染相对较重,分别在50 t/a左右。地表径流对温瑞塘河的COD贡献较大,达22.88%;而由地表径流所引起的NH4+-N和TP污染对温瑞塘河的污染贡献较小。     

不同碳源刺激对老化污染土壤中PAHs降解研究

采用室内模拟试验,研究追加葡萄糖、DL-苹果酸、柠檬酸三钠、脲和乙酸铵碳源刺激下对老化污染土壤中PAHs的降解规律.结果表明,培养第1周内,添加碳源处理土壤CO2的释放量显著大于对照,其中外加DL-苹果酸处理土壤所释放的CO2量最大.各处理CO2的平均释放量顺序为脲>葡萄糖≈柠檬酸三钠≈DL-苹果酸≈乙酸铵>对照.添加碳源处理土壤所挥发的PAHs要显著小于对照,且3种PAHs的挥发量大小顺序为菲>荧蒽>苯并(b)荧蒽.添加碳源处理土壤中菲、荧蒽及苯并(b)荧蒽的平均降解速度均大于对照,其中添加DL-苹果酸和脲处理土壤中菲、荧蒽及苯并(b)荧蒽的降解较快.3种PAHs化合物之间相比较,苯并(b)荧蒽的残留比例最大,在72%～81%之间;其次为荧蒽,在53%～70%之间;菲最少,在27%～44%之间.     

Integrated assessment of promising measures to decrease nitrogen losses from agriculture in EU-27

Following the recognition of the detrimental effects of nitrogen (N) losses from agriculture in the European Union (EU) on human health and environment, series of environmental policy measures have been implemented from the early 1990s onwards. However, these measures have only been partially successful. Clearly, there is lack of integration of available measures and there is lack of enforcement and hierarchy; which measures should be implemented first? We identified and assessed three ‘most promising measures’ to decrease N losses from agriculture, i.e., (i) balanced fertilization, (ii) low-protein animal feeding, and (iii) ammonia (NH₃) emissions abatement measures. Environmental-economic assessments were made using scenario analyses and the modeling tools MITERRA-EUROPE and CAPRI.In the baseline scenario (business as usual), N use efficiency (NUE) in crop production increases from 44% in 2000 to 48% in 2020, while total N losses decrease by 10%. Implementation of promising measures increases NUE further to 51–55%, and decreases NH₃ emissions (by up to 23%), nitrous oxide (N₂O) emissions (by up to 10%) and N leaching losses (by up to 35%). Differences in responsiveness to promising measures varied between and within Member States. Strict implementation of balanced fertilization in nitrate vulnerable zones, as defined in the Nitrates Directive, decreases total farmers’ income in EU-27 by 1.7 billion euros per year. Implementation of all three measures decreases farmers income by 10.8 and total welfare by 17 billion euros per year, without valuing the environmental benefits.The study presented here is one of the first EU-wide integrated assessments of the effects of policy measures on all major N losses from agriculture and their economic costs. Our results show that the most promising measures are effective in enhancing NUE and decreasing NH₃ and N₂O emissions to the atmosphere and N leaching to groundwater and surface waters, but that income effects are significant. The order of implementation of the measures is important; NH₃ emissions abatement measures must be implemented together with balanced N fertilization.     

石家庄裕华路西段道路尘与表土重金属污染

城市道路尘与土壤表土是现代化城市环境变化的重要载体,记载了城市工业、交通和人类活动的环境影响。在城市化不断加快的背景下,重金属污染对人体潜在的危害越来越大,重金属污染监测已日益引起人们高度重视。磁化率在一定的环境中可作为重金属的替代指标,磁性测量成为城市环境污染监测的新途径新方法。通过对石家庄裕华路西段道路尘土与土壤表土样品的低频磁化率分析得出结论：裕华路西段道路尘磁化率自市中心向郊区逐渐降低,道路尘重金污染程度由市中心向郊区逐渐减弱;不同区位的道路尘与土壤表土重金属污染程度分别为中心区〉二环以内〉三环以内〉郊区和三环以内〉二环以内〉郊区〉市中心;同一区域的道路尘比土壤表土的重金属污染更严重。     

Changes in hair arsenic concentration in a population exposed to heavy pollution： Follow-up investigation in Chenzhou City, Hunan Province, Southern China

Follow-up investigation on hair arsenic concentration was conducted in an arsenic heavily polluted area of southern China in 2002 and 2006.The results showed that the geometric mean of hair arsenic concentration decreased from 2.95 mg/kg in 2002 to 1.78 mg/kg in 2006,when the percentage of the population with levels over 1 mg/kg only decreased from 93.4% in 2002 to 80.5% in 2006.Over this four-year period,the population with high arsenic concentrations decreased significantly while there was no obvious chan...