热阴极电离真空规在卫星热试验中的使用与失效分析

热阴极电离真空规(简称电离规)在高真空测量领域有着广泛的应用。介绍了电离规在卫星真空热试验中的使用情况,并进行了分析。在卫星真空热试验中,分别在星表及星上布置了电离规,使用过程中发现星表电离规在整个试验期间测量正常,而星上电离规在试验开始一段时间后均会失效,且故障现象一致,通过对比分析发现是规管内部受有机物污染所致。     

三亚湾表层沉积物中重金属污染特征及生态风险评价

对三亚湾10个表层沉积物中的6种重金属元素进行分析,并运用潜在生态危害指数法对重金属的污染程度和潜在生态风险程度进行了评价。研究结果表明:表层沉积物中6种重金属平均含量高低依次为Zn>Pb>Cu>As>Cd>Hg。10个站位单个重金属都处于低污染水平,重金属平均污染程度由大到小依次为Pb>Zn>Cu>As>Hg>Cd;研究区域多种重金属综合污染程度均属于低污染。6种重金属生态危害程度大小是Hg>Pb>Cd>Cu=As>Zn;监测海域的总体潜在生态风险程度低。     

温州市不同功能区地表径流污染特征研究

以温州市城区为例,在多雨季节对商业区、工业区、居民区、交通路面、绿地等五大功能区的降雨径流水质进行了6次采样监测,发现不同功能区地表径流水质差异较大。前10 min初期径流中各功能区COD、TN;商业区和工业区的NH4+-N;商业区、交通路面和工业区TP的平均浓度均劣于地表水V类水质标准。随着降雨历时的延长,降雨径流中主要污染物浓度逐渐下降,并在30~45 min趋于稳定。对COD而言,由商业区造成的径流年污染负荷最高,达5 763.15 t/a;对SS而言,温州市几个重要工业经济开发区所造成的径流年污染负荷最为严重,达到15 883.67 t/a,居民区次之,达11 804.81 t/a;对NH4+-N而言,由工业区、商业区和居民区所造成的径流污染相对较重,分别在50 t/a左右。地表径流对温瑞塘河的COD贡献较大,达22.88%;而由地表径流所引起的NH4+-N和TP污染对温瑞塘河的污染贡献较小。     

Metals in sediment/pore water in Chaohu Lake: Distribution, trends and flux

Nine metals, Cd, Cu, Ni, Pb, As, Cr, Zn, Fe, and Mn in sediment and pore water from 57 sampling sites in Chaohu Lake (Anhui Province, China) were analyzed for spatial distribution, temporal trends and diffuse flux in 2010. Metals in the surface sediment were generally the highest in the western lake center and Nanfei-Dianbu River estuary, with another higher area of As, Fe, and Mn occurring in the Qiyang River estuary. Metal contamination assessment using the New York sediment screening criteria showed that the sediment was severely contaminated in 44% of the area with Mn, 20% with Zn, 16% with Fe, 14% with As, and 6% with Cr and Ni. An increasing trend of toxic metals (Cd, Cu, Ni, Pb, As, Cr, Zn) and Mn with depth was shown in the western lake. Compared with metal content data from the sediment survey conducted in 1980s, the metal content of surface sediment in 2010 was 2.0 times that in the 1980s for Cr, Cu, Zn, and As in the western lake, and less than 1.5 times higher for most of the metals in the eastern lake. Among the metals, only Mn and As had a widespread positive diffuse flux from the pore water to overlying water across the whole lake. The estimated flux in the whole lake was on average 3.36 mg/(m². day) for Mn and 0.08 mg/(m². day) for As, which indicated a daily increase of 0.93 μg/L for Mn and 0.02 μg/L for As in surface water. The increasing concentration of metals in the sediment and the flux of metals from pore water to overlying water by diffusion and other physical processes should not be ignored for drinking-water sources.     

湘西花垣矿区土壤重金属污染及其生物有效性

以花垣矿区4个锰矿点、5个铅锌矿点为现场,对湘西花垣矿区的土壤重金属总量及有效态含量进行了测定,采用污染指数法对矿区土壤重金属污染状况进行了评价,在此基础上,结合主成分分析和线性回归分析等统计学方法,探讨了该矿区重金属污染的主要因子,重金属有效态含量与其对应总量的关系.结果表明:①两矿区土壤Mn、Pb、Cd含量较高,分别为湖南省土壤背景值的8.7、21.5和2.9倍,且大多数土样Pb、Cd含量超过国家土壤环境质量三级标准,对矿区土壤造成污染.②重金属污染评价结果显示,目前两矿区土壤受到轻度的Pb污染,中-重度Cd污染.综合污染指数显示锰矿区为轻-中度污染;铅锌矿区为中-重度污染.③两矿区土壤中Pb、Cd有效态含量相对较高,占总量的比例>10%,且DTPA提取态Mn、Pb、Zn、Cd含量与其总量呈极显著正相关(P<0.01).主成分分析结果显示,Mn、Pb、Zn、Cd和DTPA-Mn、DTPA-Pb、DTPA-Zn、DTPA-Cd是导致花垣两矿区重金属污染的主要因子.因此,应采取一定措施对矿区土壤重金属污染进行治理.     

扎龙湿地南山湖沉积岩芯重金属污染特征及来源判别

选取扎龙湿地南部围湖造田、湖水养殖典型湖泊——南山湖为研究区,分析NSH2沉积岩芯中Hg、Cd、Pb、Cr、As、Mn、Ag、Cu、Co、Fe和Zn这11种重金属元素总量的垂向分布特征,结合颗粒组成指标,采用主成分分析的方法,并辅以210Pbex测年数据,研究了自1829年以来该湖区沉积物重金属元素污染特征、来源及污染历史.结果表明：①近两百年以来沉积物沉积速率经历了由慢到快再到慢的过程,沉积历史与南山湖流域人类的生产活动和水土保持政策相吻合;②1957年以前各元素含量变化趋势平稳,1957～1985年间存在小幅波动,1985年以后变化明显,其中Hg、Cd和Ag含量明显偏高;③NSH2沉积岩芯重金属污染来源以生活污水、化肥农药的流失以及煤与汽油等燃料的燃烧为主,其次是有机质降解、岩石风化和侵蚀,还存在工业排污源,贡献率分别为50.14%、19.90%和10.32%.南山湖重金属污染具有一定的潜在风险,在当地湖泊湿地污染治理中应予以足够的重视,此研究可为扎龙湿地湖区生态环境的整治与改善提供基础性的数据资料.     

典型电器工业区河涌沉积物中多环芳烃的分布、来源和潜在生态风险

为综合评估电器加工制造业对纳污水体多环芳烃（PAHs）的污染影响,对广东典型电器工业区佛山市顺德区容桂街道河涌沉积物的PAHs含量进行了空间和垂直分布、来源以及生态风险评估研究.结果表明,16种优先控制PAHs中有12种检出率达100%,其余4种具有不同的检出率.ΣPAHs含量范围为343.5～2 099μg.kg-1,均值为1 215.9μg.kg-1.PAHs组成特点为2～3环〉4环〉5～6环.在0～40 cm垂直尺度内,4个分层层面的ΣPAHs含量和种类均无显著变化.同分异构体比率分析显示,空间尺度上PAHs主要污染源来自石油、生物质以及木柴燃烧等活动.垂直尺度上燃烧类型反映了从生物质向石油燃烧为主的转变.河涌沉积物总量污染指标和污染因子指标显示了相同的重度污染特征,各监测断面污染程度由高到低为：S7〉S2〉S4〉S3〉S6〉S1〉S5.沉积物质量基准法（SQGs）评价显示S7、S2、S3等位点具有潜在的生态风险.包含居民区和制造业集中区的各监测点ΣPAHs含量分布显示,该地区PAHs污染和电器制造业存在没有直接相关性.     

不同碳源刺激对老化污染土壤中PAHs降解研究

采用室内模拟试验,研究追加葡萄糖、DL-苹果酸、柠檬酸三钠、脲和乙酸铵碳源刺激下对老化污染土壤中PAHs的降解规律.结果表明,培养第1周内,添加碳源处理土壤CO2的释放量显著大于对照,其中外加DL-苹果酸处理土壤所释放的CO2量最大.各处理CO2的平均释放量顺序为脲>葡萄糖≈柠檬酸三钠≈DL-苹果酸≈乙酸铵>对照.添加碳源处理土壤所挥发的PAHs要显著小于对照,且3种PAHs的挥发量大小顺序为菲>荧蒽>苯并(b)荧蒽.添加碳源处理土壤中菲、荧蒽及苯并(b)荧蒽的平均降解速度均大于对照,其中添加DL-苹果酸和脲处理土壤中菲、荧蒽及苯并(b)荧蒽的降解较快.3种PAHs化合物之间相比较,苯并(b)荧蒽的残留比例最大,在72%～81%之间;其次为荧蒽,在53%～70%之间;菲最少,在27%～44%之间.     

蜈蚣草对污染土壤中As、Pb、Zn、Cu的原位去除效果

通过2年的原位修复试验,探讨了蜈蚣草对污染土地中As、Pb、Zn、Cu的修复(去除)潜力.研究结果表明,蜈蚣草除了能富集As外,对Pb也有较强的富集能力,地上部Pb含量可高达1303mg·kg-1·蜈蚣草生物量达到了极大值时,地上部As、Pb、Zn、Cu含量可分别高达1455、937、365、101mg·kg-1.蜈蚣草对As和Pb都具有良好的修复效果,每年刈割2次蜈蚣草,As、Pb分别能够去除15.5kg·hm-2·a-1和8.5kg·hm-·2a-1.蜈蚣草对As、Pb、Zn有很强的耐性,在土壤中Pb、Zn、Cu含量高达10913、2511、510mg·kg-1时,不会显著降低蜈蚣草的生物量.     

Integrated assessment of promising measures to decrease nitrogen losses from agriculture in EU-27

Following the recognition of the detrimental effects of nitrogen (N) losses from agriculture in the European Union (EU) on human health and environment, series of environmental policy measures have been implemented from the early 1990s onwards. However, these measures have only been partially successful. Clearly, there is lack of integration of available measures and there is lack of enforcement and hierarchy; which measures should be implemented first? We identified and assessed three ‘most promising measures’ to decrease N losses from agriculture, i.e., (i) balanced fertilization, (ii) low-protein animal feeding, and (iii) ammonia (NH₃) emissions abatement measures. Environmental-economic assessments were made using scenario analyses and the modeling tools MITERRA-EUROPE and CAPRI.In the baseline scenario (business as usual), N use efficiency (NUE) in crop production increases from 44% in 2000 to 48% in 2020, while total N losses decrease by 10%. Implementation of promising measures increases NUE further to 51–55%, and decreases NH₃ emissions (by up to 23%), nitrous oxide (N₂O) emissions (by up to 10%) and N leaching losses (by up to 35%). Differences in responsiveness to promising measures varied between and within Member States. Strict implementation of balanced fertilization in nitrate vulnerable zones, as defined in the Nitrates Directive, decreases total farmers’ income in EU-27 by 1.7 billion euros per year. Implementation of all three measures decreases farmers income by 10.8 and total welfare by 17 billion euros per year, without valuing the environmental benefits.The study presented here is one of the first EU-wide integrated assessments of the effects of policy measures on all major N losses from agriculture and their economic costs. Our results show that the most promising measures are effective in enhancing NUE and decreasing NH₃ and N₂O emissions to the atmosphere and N leaching to groundwater and surface waters, but that income effects are significant. The order of implementation of the measures is important; NH₃ emissions abatement measures must be implemented together with balanced N fertilization.