抗生素抗性分析法在粪便污染源示踪技术中的应用

伴随着沿海人口的递增和养殖业的发展,粪便污染已成为近岸海域污染的一个重要污染源,日益威胁着人类的生存和经济发展。抗生素抗性分析法(Antibiotic Resistance Analysis,ARA)凭借对不同物种粪便源中相同示踪因子特异性抗生素抗性的检测,可以达到识别粪便污染源的目的。作为一种经济有效的粪便污染源示踪工具,ARA研究在欧美等国已开展并得到了应用。简要介绍了ARA原理、着重阐述了ARA的应用方法学,并概括了目前ARA在国内外发展现状。以期为同领域专家学者提供参考,促进中国利用ARA法在识别粪便源技术中的应用。     

蜈蚣草对污染土壤中As、Pb、Zn、Cu的原位去除效果

通过2年的原位修复试验,探讨了蜈蚣草对污染土地中As、Pb、Zn、Cu的修复(去除)潜力.研究结果表明,蜈蚣草除了能富集As外,对Pb也有较强的富集能力,地上部Pb含量可高达1303mg·kg-1·蜈蚣草生物量达到了极大值时,地上部As、Pb、Zn、Cu含量可分别高达1455、937、365、101mg·kg-1.蜈蚣草对As和Pb都具有良好的修复效果,每年刈割2次蜈蚣草,As、Pb分别能够去除15.5kg·hm-2·a-1和8.5kg·hm-·2a-1.蜈蚣草对As、Pb、Zn有很强的耐性,在土壤中Pb、Zn、Cu含量高达10913、2511、510mg·kg-1时,不会显著降低蜈蚣草的生物量.     

Changes in hair arsenic concentration in a population exposed to heavy pollution： Follow-up investigation in Chenzhou City, Hunan Province, Southern China

Follow-up investigation on hair arsenic concentration was conducted in an arsenic heavily polluted area of southern China in 2002 and 2006.The results showed that the geometric mean of hair arsenic concentration decreased from 2.95 mg/kg in 2002 to 1.78 mg/kg in 2006,when the percentage of the population with levels over 1 mg/kg only decreased from 93.4% in 2002 to 80.5% in 2006.Over this four-year period,the population with high arsenic concentrations decreased significantly while there was no obvious chan...     

白银市郊区农田土壤重金属污染初步调查与评价

文章采集了白银市区正东、东南、正南、西南、正西、西北、正北和东北等周边8个方向上的农田土壤,采用四酸消解法处理样品,利用电感耦合等离子体发射光谱法测定了土壤样品中的Cu、Hg、As、Cd、Cr、Ni、Pb和Zn等重金属的浓度水平,采用国标GB15618-1995二级标准、单因子指数法和內梅罗指数法对污染状况进行了初步评价?峁砻鳎滓星寥谰胁煌潭鹊闹亟鹗粑廴荆纫?Cu、As和Cd为重,其最高单因子指数分别达到了6.6、24和165;通过运用內梅罗污染指数法计算出白银市郊区农田土壤环境综合质量指数I=90.9,表明该地区农田土壤重金属已处于严重污染状态。     

花卉植物修复铅污染土壤的研究现状及展望

植物修复以其优良的社会、生态和经济效益,成为重金属污染土壤修复的首选措施。从花卉植物对铅的富集能力及其强化措施方面,阐述了利用花卉植物修复铅污染土壤的研究现状,提出了研究中存在的主要问题,并对今后的研究工作进行了展望。     

苏北某市垃圾填埋场周围地下水氮污染及其形态研究

通过对垃圾填埋场地下水氮污染状况的监测,分析了垃圾填埋场渗滤液的水质特征及其对地下水氮污染的影响。结果表明:垃圾渗滤液含有高浓度的NH4+-N,渗滤液进入土壤后,大量共存离子的竞争吸附减弱了土壤胶体对NH4+-N的吸附能力;土壤中有机质增加后,土壤胶体对NH4+-N的吸附性降低,吸附量减少;且高浓度NH4+-N的存在抑制了硝化作用,从而使大量的NH4+-N未能被土壤胶体吸附转化就随渗滤液继续迁移至地下水中,导致地下水的氮污染主要以NH4+-N为主。     

渤海湾和黄河口外表层海水中正构烷烃的组成、分布及来源

以渤海湾海域及黄河口外海域为研究区,采用GC/MS检测手段对两海域表层海水中溶解态有机质(0.7μm)及颗粒态有机质(0.7μm)的正构烷烃组分进行定性和定量分析,并分析其主要组成、分布、来源及输入方式,从而对正构烷烃类污染状况进行初步评价。定量分析的结果表明,渤海湾海域表层海水中正构烷烃含量为1570.9~1950.4 ng/L,黄河口外海域为353.1~672.7 ng/L;通过对研究区域表层海水中正构烷烃组成特征的分析得出,其主要来源是陆源高等植物、石油类产品和化石燃料燃烧产物,藻类对其贡献不能忽视;研究还表明,正构烷烃在溶解态和颗粒态有机质中分布是不同的,而且呈现某种规律。     

离子色谱法测定黄河鄂尔多斯段水体中F-、Cl-、NO3-、SO4 2-浓度

随这鄂尔多斯经济的迅猛发展,城市规模的不断壮大。鄂尔多斯市制定了引用黄河水的战略措施。使黄河水成为鄂尔多斯城市居民的日常生活水源,所以黄河鄂尔多斯段的水质问题成为当地居民的热议话题。而其中F-、Cl-、NO3 -、SO4 2- 几种离子是作为水源地的必测项目。其水体的基本特点是泥沙含量高,浑浊,有机物含量丰富,因此Cl-、SO4 2-含量比较高,F-、NO3-含量比较小。笔者通过对实际样品有效的预处理,并选择恰当的稀释倍数,用ICS-1500离子色谱一次进样同时测定了F-、Cl-、NO3-、SO4 2-取得了满意的结果。     

Integrated assessment of promising measures to decrease nitrogen losses from agriculture in EU-27

Following the recognition of the detrimental effects of nitrogen (N) losses from agriculture in the European Union (EU) on human health and environment, series of environmental policy measures have been implemented from the early 1990s onwards. However, these measures have only been partially successful. Clearly, there is lack of integration of available measures and there is lack of enforcement and hierarchy; which measures should be implemented first? We identified and assessed three ‘most promising measures’ to decrease N losses from agriculture, i.e., (i) balanced fertilization, (ii) low-protein animal feeding, and (iii) ammonia (NH₃) emissions abatement measures. Environmental-economic assessments were made using scenario analyses and the modeling tools MITERRA-EUROPE and CAPRI.In the baseline scenario (business as usual), N use efficiency (NUE) in crop production increases from 44% in 2000 to 48% in 2020, while total N losses decrease by 10%. Implementation of promising measures increases NUE further to 51–55%, and decreases NH₃ emissions (by up to 23%), nitrous oxide (N₂O) emissions (by up to 10%) and N leaching losses (by up to 35%). Differences in responsiveness to promising measures varied between and within Member States. Strict implementation of balanced fertilization in nitrate vulnerable zones, as defined in the Nitrates Directive, decreases total farmers’ income in EU-27 by 1.7 billion euros per year. Implementation of all three measures decreases farmers income by 10.8 and total welfare by 17 billion euros per year, without valuing the environmental benefits.The study presented here is one of the first EU-wide integrated assessments of the effects of policy measures on all major N losses from agriculture and their economic costs. Our results show that the most promising measures are effective in enhancing NUE and decreasing NH₃ and N₂O emissions to the atmosphere and N leaching to groundwater and surface waters, but that income effects are significant. The order of implementation of the measures is important; NH₃ emissions abatement measures must be implemented together with balanced N fertilization.     

Fungal contamination of stored automobile-fuels in a tropical environment

Because of the lack of reports, the base levels of microbial contamination on stored fuels are unknown in tropical regions and it is unclear whether these levels have some influence on fuel quality parameters. Therefore, fungal quality in automobile fuels stored across Costa Rican territory was evaluated during two years according to the standard ASTM D6974-04. For a total of 96 samples, counts and identification of molds and yeasts were performed on regular gas, premium gas and diesel taken from the bottom and superior part of the container tanks. The highest contamination was found on the bottom of the tanks, where an aqueous phase was usually identified, showing populations over the ones present in the hydrocarbon itself (up to 108 CFU/L). Diesel was the most contaminated fuel (up to 107 CFU/L); however, an alteration on the physicochemical parameters was not observed in any kind of fuel. Seventy-five mold strains were isolated, Penicillium sp. being the most common genus (45.8% of the samples), and ten yeast strains, from the genera Candida sp. and Rhodotorula sp. Four of the yeasts were able to grow on diesel as the sole carbon source, at concentrations ranging from 0.5% to 25%. Increasing the frequency of tank cleaning, adding antimicrobial agents and monitoring microbial populations are recommended strategies to improve microbial quality of stored fuels.