Optimal Environmental Management Strategy and Implementation for Groundwater Contamination Prevention and Restoration

An innovative management strategy is proposed for optimized and integrated environmental management for regional or national groundwater contamination prevention and restoration allied with consideration of sustainable development. This management strategy accounts for availability of limited resources, human health and ecological risks from groundwater contamination, costs for groundwater protection measures, beneficial uses and values from groundwater protection, and sustainable development. Six different categories of costs are identified with regard to groundwater prevention and restoration. In addition, different environmental impacts from groundwater contamination including human health and ecological risks are individually taken into account. System optimization principles are implemented to accomplish decision-makings on the optimal resources allocations of the available resources or budgets to different existing contaminated sites and projected contamination sites for a maximal risk reduction. Established management constraints such as budget limitations under different categories of costs are satisfied at the optimal solution. A stepwise optimization process is proposed in which the first step is to select optimally a limited number of sites where remediation or prevention measures will be taken, from all the existing contaminated and projected contamination sites, based on a total regionally or nationally available budget in a certain time frame such as 10 years. Then, several optimization steps determined year-by-year optimal distributions of the available yearly budgets for those selected sites. A hypothetical case study is presented to demonstrate a practical implementation of the management strategy. Several issues pertaining to groundwater contamination exposure and risk assessments and remediation cost evaluations are briefly discussed for adequately understanding implementations of the management strategy.     

Groundwater contamination by nitrates in the city of Konya, (Turkey): a GIS perspective

Groundwater is an essential drinking water source in the city of Konya, Turkey. Approximately 75% of the city's water consumption has been supplied from 198 groundwater wells for the last six years. Nitrate (NO(3)(-)) is one of the important water quality parameters and was measured in the water samples taken from 139 wells in 1998 and from 156 wells in 2001 within the study area of 427.5 km(2). To evaluate the nitrate data, a vector-based GIS software package ArcView GIS 3.2 was used. A hardcopy map of the city was digitized in the UTM projection system. The locations of the wells were obtained by a hand-held Global Positioning System (GPS) receiver. According to the maps produced, nitrate concentrations generally tend to increase in the city center, the average concentrations being 2.2 and 16.1mg/L for the years of 1998 and 2001, respectively. A statistical correlation procedure was also applied to well depths and nitrate concentrations. As a result, correlation coefficients of 0.259 and 0.261 were obtained for data collected in 1998 and 2001. It is concluded that the distribution of nitrate concentrations is not correlated with well depths within the study area.     

硝化作用作为生态毒性指标评价土壤重金属污染生态风险

土壤质量评价基准的确立是土壤污染研究的重要方向.目前评价重金属对土壤微生物生态风险的终点指标主要有土壤生物量、土壤呼吸、酶活性、硝化作用和固氮等.解决土壤中的重金属污染是环境领域的重大课题,评价和确定一个能较早预知重金属毒性的敏感指标则具有重要意义.硝化作用因其对重金属污染的敏感性及在全球氮循环中的重要作用,在评价土壤重金属毒性研究中具有广泛的应用.在总结国内外相关研究基础上,对硝化作用的机制、影响因素以及在指示环境变化中的作用及局限性等方面进行了综述.     

矿山环境重金属污染的事故树分析

有色金属矿产资源的开采与利用过程不可避免地伴随着矿物化学组成和物理状态变化、重金属污染向生态环境释放和迁移的过程。笔者从采矿过程的分析入手,应用事故树分析方法研究了矿山环境重金属污染物来源,结果表明矿山环境重金属污染物的主要来源是尾矿库,因此矿山环境重金属释放迁移规律和重金属的污染治理与控制研究重点应针对尾矿库。     

Arsenic and Other Metal Contamination of Groundwaters in the Industrial Area of Thessaloniki, Northern Greece

In groundwater, used for drinking water supply in the greater industrial area of Thessaloniki, in Northern Greece, concentrations of total arsenic exceeded the WHO provisional guideline value and the EU maximum contaminant level (MCL) of 10 μg/L. The concentration of total arsenic was in the range between 4–130 μg/L, whereas the median value was 36 μg/L and the average concentration 46 μg/L. Nine out of the eleven wells contained total arsenic at concentration higher than 10 μg/L and it should be stressed that 6 of them contain arsenic at concentrations between 10 (new MCL) and 50 μg/L (previous MCL). The examined groundwaters were found to contain elevated concentrations of manganese and phosphate. Arsenic had a positive correlation with the pH, indicating the possible effect of pH on arsenic mobilisation. These findings emerge the problem of contamination from arsenic, since, according to the EU directive 98/83, all drinking water sources within the European Union should have achieved compliance with the new limits by 12/2003, implying that the situation requires urgent remedial action.     

Leachate Characterization and Assessment of Groundwater Pollution Near Municipal Solid Waste Landfill Site

Leachate and groundwater samples were collected from Gazipur landfill-site and its adjacent area to study the possible impact of leachate percolation on groundwater quality. Concentration of various physico-chemical parameters including heavy metal (Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Ni, Pb and Zn) and microbiological parameters (total coliform (TC) and faecal coliform (FC)) were determined in groundwater and leachate samples. The moderately high concentrations of Cl⁻, NO⁻ ₃, SO²⁻ ₄, NH⁺ ₄, Phenol, Fe, Zn and COD in groundwater, likely indicate that groundwater quality is being significantly affected by leachate percolation. Further they proved to be as tracers for groundwater contamination. The effect of depth and distance of the well from the pollution source was also investigated. The presence of TC and FC in groundwater warns for the groundwater quality and thus renders the associated aquifer unreliable for domestic water supply and other uses. Although some remedial measures are suggested to reduce further groundwater contamination via leachate percolation, the present study demand for the proper management of waste in Delhi.     

地热水的开发利用对环境和健康的影响

在对我国地热水的分布,理化性状和利用现状调查的基础上,就地热水对环境和人群产生的影响进行了卫生学研究,结果表明地热点周围环境已受到了不同程度的污染,人群健康的远期影响也不容忽视。并提出了今后地热水开发中应重视的问题。     

某市岩溶地下水四氯化碳污染特征研究

赋存于寒武系和奥陶系灰岩中的岩溶水是某市的主要供水水源,每天供水量约为35×104t.2000年11月地下水监测资料表明,南郊水源地的岩溶水已受到了四氯化碳污染.污染源为一农药厂,该厂位于七里沟水源地补给区的山坡上,生产农药时用四氯化碳做溶剂.该厂生产废水中四氯化碳的浓度从281 0μg·L-1到2584 3μg·L-1.到2001年5月,水源地中53口水井中发现了四氯化碳,污染面积达17 5km2,井水中四氯化碳浓度最高达3909 2μg·L-1.根据四氯化碳浓度,污染区可以被划分为3个亚区:污染源附近亚区(初始最大浓度为3909 2μg·L-1,2003年4月最大浓度1891 5μg·L-1),集中抽水排泄区污染亚区(初始最高浓度195 5μg·L-1,2003年4月最大浓度504 5μg·L-1)和中间污染相对较轻的过渡区(一般20～200μg·L-1).过去3a间64口水井水质资料监测表明,岩溶含水层中四氯化碳含量受降雨、承压水位和含水层深度等多种因素的综合控制.由于四氯化碳为一种微溶于水的比水重的非水相有机物(DNAPL),它主要沿含水层底部运移,因此比较浅的水井(深度<150m)中四氯化碳含量比较低,而在深度较大的水井(深度>150m)中则浓度较高.     

海南岛东部陆架表层沉积物重金属污染评价

对海南岛东部陆架29个站位的表层沉积物重金属元素(Cu、Cr、As、Pb、Zn和Cd)进行了含量测试及分布特征分析,采用地累积指数(I_geo)、富集因子(EF)和潜在生态危害指数对其进行了评价.研究结果表明:重金属含量空间分布趋势较为相似,呈现出由陆向海略微减小的趋势.6种重金属元素可能有相同或相似的来源,但Pb和As受到了人类活动影响.以上地壳和海南岛近岸未受污染沉积物为背景值的I_geo和EF值排序有所不同.研究区单项潜在生态危害系数平均值排序为Cd> As> Cu> Pb> Cr> Zn,Cu、Cr、Pb和Zn等4种重金属为轻微潜在生态危害,As和Cd在个别站位达到了中等潜在生态危害水平.综合潜在生态危害指数评价结果显示,研究区绝大多数站位处于轻微潜在生态危害水平.潜在生态危害水平相对较高的区域邻近万泉河、陵水河和三亚河河口.     

Validation of regression models for nitrate concentrations in the upper groundwater in sandy soils

For Dutch sandy regions, linear regression models have been developed that predict nitrate concentrations in the upper groundwater on the basis of residual nitrate contents in the soil in autumn. The objective of our study was to validate these regression models for one particular sandy region dominated by dairy farming. No data from this area were used for calibrating the regression models. The model was validated by additional probability sampling. This sample was used to estimate errors in 1) the predicted areal fractions where the EU standard of 50 mg l⁻¹ is exceeded for farms with low N surpluses (ALT) and farms with higher N surpluses (REF); 2) predicted cumulative frequency distributions of nitrate concentration for both groups of farms.Both the errors in the predicted areal fractions as well as the errors in the predicted cumulative frequency distributions indicate that the regression models are invalid for the sandy soils of this study area.