危险废物电镀污泥热处置特性研究

在获取典型危险废物原始电镀污泥的TG、DTG、DTA曲线的基础上,详细地分析了Salts泥的热特性．对不同终温下的焚烧减重率进行了试验,发现在焚烧温度低于700℃之前已经能很好的除去电镀污泥中的水分、有机质和挥发份．通过管式炉模拟实际焚烧炉工况,研究了不同试验条件对电镀污泥中的重金属浸出特性和迁移特性的影响,结果显示高温可以有效地抑制重金属的浸出特性,但对迁移特性的影响各不相同．     

介质阻挡放电处理水中3,4-二氯苯胺机理研究

采用介质阻挡放电产生低温等离子体来处理水中3,4-二氯苯胺(3,4-DCA),考察了放电功率、空气流量、金属离子(Fe2+、Cu2+)浓度、光催化剂二氧化钛对3,4-DCA去除率的影响,并分析了降解产物及可能的降解机理.实验结果表明,介质阻挡放电方法对3,4-DCA有良好的去除效果,在3,4-DCA初始浓度为30mg·L-1,放电功率为80W,空气流量为1L·min-1时,放电处理6min后3,4-DCA的去除率可达92.5%.增加空气流量能显著地提高3,4-DCA的去除率,添加亚铁离子(Fe2+)浓度和光催化剂TiO2均能提高3,4-DCA的去除率,且存在最佳添加量值.介质阻挡放电方法对3,4-DCA的降解去除反应符合一级反应动力学.通过气质联用仪(GC-MS)分析检测发现,反应主要为脱氯、脱氨基和苯环开环反应,二氯乙烯为其主要的降解产物.     

溶解氧对碳氮硫共脱除工艺中微生物群落影响解析

为了研究溶解氧对碳氮硫共脱除工艺中微生物群落的影响,探索供氧条件下提高单质硫转化率的机制,实验采用基因芯片GeoChip技术来解析不同曝气量下采集的污泥样品中的微生物群落结构特征.研究结果表明,微量的溶解氧能显著影响工艺中的微生物群落结构(P<0.001),相对较高浓度的溶解氧可以增加微生物的多样性但是却抑制了对溶解氧比较敏感的反硝化微生物的活性,导致工艺硝酸盐去除率下降.与反硝化微生物相比硫酸盐还原菌(sulfate-reducing bacteria,SRB)能抵抗更高浓度的溶解氧,因此工艺的硫酸盐还原过程未受到影响,一直保持较高的硫酸盐去除率.当曝气量为20 mL·min-1时单质硫的转化率最高,通过对sox(sulfur-oxidation)基因丰度分析和聚类分析发现,在该曝气量条件下sox基因的丰度最高,与厌氧条件相比有极其显著的差异.此外,GeoChip还检测到一些硫氧化细菌(sulfur-oxidizing bacteria,SOB)的丰度明显提高,证明适量的溶解氧能够刺激一部分SOB的生长与代谢.     

菲在大庆黑钙土有机-矿质复合体上的吸附与解吸

利用超声分散法提取了黑龙江大庆黑钙土中不同粒级有机-矿质复合体,并测定了其基本理化性质.其中粘粒复合体的有机质含量最高,比表面积以及阳离子交换容量最大.研究了多环芳烃菲在不同粒级有机-矿质复合体上的吸附和解吸行为.结果表明,菲在各粒级有机-矿质复合体上的吸附和解吸等温线均符合Freundlich方程,随粒径减小,有机-矿质复合体对菲的吸附容量以及吸附的非线性程度都增加.菲在有机-矿质复合体上的解吸表现出明显的滞后现象.高有机质含量的粘粒有机-矿质复合体对菲的吸附和持留能力均较强.      

义乌市TSP中3种重金属元素的沉降

测定了义乌市TSP及其中的重金属Fe,Mn和Cu的浓度,通过扫描电镜和降雨冲洗效果分析了含有这3种重金属的颗粒物的粒径,计算了3种重金属的沉降通量。结果表明相对于世界其他城市,义乌市TSP中这3种重金属浓度偏高;绝大部分TSP的半径小于4.5μm;Fe和Mn的湿沉降量大于干沉降量,而Cu以干沉降为主。     

Treatment of tannery wastewater in a pilot-scale hybrid constructed wetland system in Bangladesh

This paper reports the pollutant removal performances of a hybrid wetland system in Bangladesh for the treatment of a tannery wastewater. The system consisted of three treatment stages: a subsurface vertical flow (VF) wetland, followed by a horizontal flow (HF) and a VF wetland. The wetlands were planted with common reed (Phragmites australis), but employed different media, including organic coco-peat, cupola slag and pea gravel. In the first stage, experimental results demonstrated significant removal of ammonia (52%), nitrate (54%), BOD (78%), and COD (56%) under high organics loading rate (690 g COD m⁻² d⁻¹); simultaneous nitrification, denitrification, and organics degradation were attributed to the unique characteristics of the coco-peat media, which allowed greater atmospheric oxygen transfer for nitrification and organic degradation, and supply of organic carbon for denitrification. The second stage HF wetland produced an average PO₄ removal of 61%, primarily due to adsorption by the iron-rich cupola slag media. In the third treatment stage, which was filled with gravel media, further BOD removal (78%) from the tannery wastewater depleted organic carbon, causing the accumulation of NO₃ in the wastewater. Overall, the average percentage removals of NH₃-N, NO₃-N, BOD, COD, and PO₄ were 86%, 50%, 98%, 98% and 87%, respectively, across the whole hybrid system. The results provided a strong evidence to support widespread research and application of the constructed wetland as a low-cost, energy-efficient, wastewater treatment technology in Bangladesh.     

Regional-specific emission inventory for NH3, N2O, and CH4 via animal farming in South, Southeast, and East Asia

Ammonia, nitrous oxide, and methane emission from animal farming of South, Southeast, and East Asia, in 2000, was estimated at about 4.7 Tg NH₃–N, 0.51 Tg N₂O–N, and 29.9 Tg CH₄, respectively, using the FAO database and countries’ statistic databases as activity data, and emission factors taking account of regional characteristics. Most of these atmospheric components, up to 60–80%, were produced in China and India. Pakistan, Bangladesh, and Indonesia, which were large source countries next to China and India, contributed more than a few percent of total emission of each atmospheric component. The largest emission livestock were cattle whose contribution was considerably high in South, Southeast, and East Asia; more than one-fourth of ammonia and nitrous oxide emissions: more than half of methane emission. The other major livestock for nitrous oxide and ammonia emissions were pigs. For methane emission, buffaloes were second source livestock. To provide spatial distributions of these gases, the emissions of county and district level were allocated into each 0.5° grid by means of the weighting by high-resolution land cover datasets. The regions with considerable high emissions of all components were able to be found at the Ganges delta and the Yellow River basin. The spatial distributions for ammonia and nitrous oxide emissions were similar but had a substantial difference from methane distribution.     

Derivation of predicted no effect concentrations (PNEC) for 2,4,6-trichlorophenol based on Chinese resident species

2,4,6-Trichlorophenol (2,4,6-TCP) is a common chemical intermediate and a by-product of water chlorination and combustion processes, and is a priority pollutant of the aquatic environment in many countries. Although information on the toxicity of 2,4,6-TCP is available, there is a lack of information on the predicted no-effect concentration (PNEC) of 2,4,6-TCP, mainly due to the shortage of chronic and site-specific toxicity data. In the present study, acute and sub-chronic toxicity of 2,4,6-TCP on six different resident Chinese aquatic species were determined. PNEC values were calculated and compared by use of two approaches: assessment factor (AF) and species sensitivity distribution (SSD). Values for acute toxicity ranged from 1.1 mg L⁻¹ (Plagiognathops microlepis) to 42 mg L⁻¹ (Corbicula fluminea) and the sub-chronic no observed effect concentrations (NOECs) ranged from 0.05 mg L⁻¹ (Mylopharyngodon piceus) to 2.0 mg L⁻¹ (C. fluminea). PNECs obtained by the assessment factor approach with acute (AF = 1000, 0.001 mg L⁻¹) or chronic (AF = 10, 0.005 mg L⁻¹) toxicity data were one order of magnitude less than those from SSD methods (0.057 mg L⁻¹). PNEC values calculated using SSD methods with a 50% certainty for 2,4,6-TCP was less than those obtained by use of the USEPA recommend final chronic value (FCV) method (0.097 mg L⁻¹) and the one obtained by use of the USEPA recommend acute-to-chronic (ACR) methods (0.073 mg L⁻¹). PNECs derived using AF methods were more protective and conservative than that derived using SSD methods.     

污水处理厂SNAD工艺小试

在污水处理厂室外,以A/O除磷工艺出水为基质,启动全程自养脱氮(CANON)生物滤柱反应器.反应器启动成功后,进水中投加葡萄糖作为有机碳源,启动同步短程硝化、厌氧氨氧化耦合反硝化(SNAD)工艺,研究SNAD生物滤柱处理城市生活污水的效果.结果表明,第119～128 d,CANON工艺氨氮去除率大于95%,最大出水总氮浓度为13. 0 mg·L~(-1),超过了北京市地标一级A排放标准.第129 d在进水中投加葡萄糖30 mg·L~(-1)启动SNAD工艺,第133～187 d时SNAD工艺总氮去除率在85%左右,出水总氮浓度为5. 5～7. 3 mg·L~(-1).第195d观察到滤柱出现堵塞现象,在第196 d对反应器进行反冲洗,反冲洗后的30d期间,反应器总氮去除率大于85%,出水总氮浓度维持在6. 2～7. 2 mg·L~(-1).与CANON工艺相比,SNAD工艺提高了总氮去除率,将出水总氮浓度降低了6 mg·L~(-1),使出水氨氮和总氮浓度达到北京市地标一级A标准.     

微藻对海水养殖循环水高效碳氮磷一体化去除的研究

海水养殖循环水高盐分和波动的低碳氮比造成水处理困难和亚硝酸盐累积,影响循环水处理利用,其排放造成受纳海域生态环境破坏.本研究采用混合营养型钝顶螺旋藻结合膜光合反应器（MPBR）考察碳氮比对海水养殖循环水碳、氮、磷一体化去除效率及藻生物质产量的影响.结果表明,在原水碳氮比为5时,钝顶螺旋藻可实现碳、氮、磷高效一体化去除,出水COD低于20 mg·L^-1,满足《海水养殖水排放要求》（SC/T 9103—2007）一级标准,总氮和总磷浓度均满足二级标准.提高碳氮比有利于钝顶螺旋藻的生长、油脂累积和氮磷的去除,碳氮比为1~10时藻体内油脂含量由14.9%增到19.3%.钝顶螺旋藻膜光合反应器（MPBR）运行数据表明,聚偏二氟乙烯（PVDF）膜和无纺布生物膜均可高效稳定地截留微藻,稳定运行期出水COD、总氮和总磷浓度均满足《海水养殖水排放要求》（SC/T 9103—2007）二级标准,且均无亚硝酸盐累积.无纺布生物膜光合反应器COD去除效率（93.2%）和藻体的多糖含量（98.1 mg·g^-1）显著高于PVDF膜反应器（85.2%和70.4 mg·g^-1）,膜通量也较低,膜污染较轻.本研究中钝顶螺旋藻结合无纺布动态生物MPBR不仅实现了海水养殖循环水高效的碳、氮、磷同步去除,无亚硝酸盐累积,并可稳定收获生物质资源,为海水养殖循环水高效、安全处理和资源化利用提供依据.