梯级水库建设对怒江与澜沧江沉积物氮形态分布的影响

为探究梯级水库建设对沉积物氮形态分布的影响,通过分级浸取方法得到沉积物的离子交换态氮（IEF-N）、弱酸提取态氮（WAEF-N）、强碱提取态氮（SAEF-N）以及强氧化剂提取态氮（SOEF-N）,对比研究了有梯级水库建设的澜沧江和干流无水电站建设的怒江沉积物中氮形态的分布特征,分析了可转化态氮的主要影响因素.结果表明,两条流域沉积物赋存环境存在差异,进而使沉积物的理化性质呈现明显的差异,最终导致沉积物可转化态氮的含量及空间分布也不同,澜沧江沉积物可转化态氮的含量高于怒江,且澜沧江的空间变化也大于怒江,怒江IEF-N、WAEF-N、SAEF-N与SOEF-N含量范围分别为1.56~2.55,16.91~46.42,1.83~10.66,486.61~719.27mg/kg,澜沧江IEF-N、WAEF-N、SAEF-N与SOEF-N含量范围分别为1.55~14.35,20.77~83.08,1.36~92.15,562.61~1404.82mg/kg.两条河流的可转化态氮含量大小排列顺序一致,均为SOEF-N > WAEF-N > SAEF-N > IEF-N,怒江与澜沧江上游自然河段可转化态氮含量及空间分布基本一致,但在澜沧江的梯级水库段上,4种可转化态氮空间分布特征发生了较明显的变化,产生这种现象的原因主要是水库的建设导致了沉积物理化性质的改变,总有机碳、粒度、氧化还原电位对可转化态氮的影响不同.     

农田土壤氮素渗漏淋失研究进展

对农田土壤氮素淋失的相关研究进行综述和总结是研究农业面源氮素污染的一个至关重要的前提。本文从土壤氮素渗漏淋失形态和迁移机理、氮素渗漏淋失的研究方法和影响土壤氮素渗漏淋失的因素三方面进行了详细的分析介绍,概述了近年来国内外农田氮素渗漏淋失的研究进展和研究成果,并在此基础上展望了未来氮素淋失研究工作的重点。研究结论对农田土壤的水肥管理措施及浅层地下水硝氮污染的减缓有一定的理论和借鉴意义     

梯级水库设计洪水地区组成研究中的JC法

工程上分析设计洪水地区组成时，希望能够求得最不利情况与最可能情况的权衡点，然而按照现行规范中提出的方法却难以达到这一目的，尤其对于梯级水库。引入JC法进行了梯级洪水地区组成研究，直接寻求最不利的洪水组成情况，该法还可定量计算设计洪水风险，为现行洪水地区组成方案研究提供了新思路和新方法。     

乌江流域三个梯级水库氮磷形态的比较研究

为揭示河流梯级开发对生源要素氮磷输运的影响,本研究选择乌江流域的普定、乌江渡、思林作为上、中、下游梯级水库的代表,于2020年8月采集各水库水体剖面和沉积物柱样品,测定氮磷含量,并用SMT法提取沉积物磷形态。结果发现,受中下游人为污染输入影响,乌江渡水库水体总氮浓度最高,为3.92±0.50mg/L,总磷浓度在此坝前到下游急剧抬升为上游的2～3倍,达到0.04～0.06mg/L;坝前沉积物含有大量的高释放风险的铁铝活性磷(1310.3±1003.3mg/kg),可能成为下游的潜在污染源。中下游水库较高的生物量加快了氮磷的活化速度,提高了活性磷的浓度,反而减低了沉积物有机磷的生物拦截效率。除乌江渡水库外,其它水库沉积物中以钙结合态磷为主(占无机磷的60%以上)。梯级水库修建后,泥沙含量大幅降低,可能是下游水库沉积物钙结合态磷浓度降低的主要因素。总体上,梯级水库的累积效应使得水库对生源要素的“活化”效率增强、“拦截”效应减弱,增大了富营养化发生的风险。     

藻类对大型溞抵抗农药的毒理学影响及其机制

为探究藻类对大型溞农药抗性的影响及其机制,分别将5种淡水广布的甲藻、硅藻、绿藻、隐藻、蓝藻等量培育大型溞后,再将大型溞分别暴露于2种杀虫剂吡虫啉(水溶性)和氰戊菊酯(脂溶性)中,测定大型溞的半数致死剂量、化学计量比(P/C,N/C)和脂肪酸含量.研究表明:与生源性化学元素氮磷相比,N3不饱和脂肪酸能更好揭示大型溞对藻类的捕食关系;藻类的N3不饱和脂肪酸含量是影响大型溞对水溶性农药抗性的关键因子;大型溞对脂溶性农药的抗性差异比暴露在水溶性农药中更明显.因此,藻类的N3不饱和脂肪酸是预测大型溞对水溶性农药抗性强度的最佳因子,其有助于更准确地预测以不同藻类为食的大型溞食物链对自然环境中污染物的抗性和风险.     

Organic matter composition in sediments of the Oman Margin

The quantity and biochemical composition of organic matter (OM) in the sediments underlying and below oxygen minimum zone (OMZ) in the Arabian Sea were studied to provide information on the diagenetic processes of organic carbon under different environmental conditions. Concentrations of total organic carbon (TOC), total nitrogen (TN) and total hydrolysable amino acids (THAA) were significantly higher in sediments within rather than below OMZ, while those of total carbohydrates (TCHO) were slightly lower in the latter, suggesting the presence of a larger supply of labile compounds into the sea bottom at the shallower site (i.e. within OMZ). Hydrolysable amino acid and carbohydrate contribution to TOC were even lower (about 10% in surficial sediments) than the values obtained from the abyssal oligotrophic North Pacific, suggesting that OM food availability in the Oman Margin sediments within OMZ was lower than that observed at abyssal depths. The presence of the highest THAA and TCHO concentrations in the top 40?mm of the sediment core at both sites reflected the presence of bioturbation processes. In contrast with the general view of the deep sea as a stable and constant system, below OMZ in the Arabian Sea sediments, some differences were observed in the two investigated cores indicating the presence of a certain spatial variability in OM content and diagenesis.     

Removal of nitrogen and phosphorus from textile wastewater by soilless culture of Lolium multiflorum

A technique of soilless culture for removal of total nitrogen (TN) and total phosphorus (TP) from textile wastewater using Lolium multiflorum was conducted in this research. The TN concentration decreased from 50.72 mg/L to 24.64–27.89 mg/L and TP decreased from 6.9 mg/L to 3.7–4.1 mg/L in the experimental tank with the size of 4.7 m x 1.2 m x 0.75 m. The results suggested that L. multiflorum could absorb a large amount of N and P elements from the wastewater. This technique of soilless culture has many advantages such as simple equipment, low cost, easy operation, low energy consumption, convenient management and flexible disposition.     

废气源热泵在烧结余热回收系统中的应用

烧结余热回收是实现节能减排的有效途径之一。根据烧结工序的特点和余热品位,提出了环冷机余热梯级利用、热电联产的优化用能方案,并在环冷机余热的低温段用废气源热泵来提高烟气温度,并对这部分热量回收利用,从而提高烧结余热的回收利用量。     

Ecological stoichiometric characteristics of carbon,nitrogen, and phosphorus in three forests in the Lüliang Mountainous Area of Shanxi Province北大核心CSCD

Using a standard plot method, the stoichiometry of carbon (C), nitrogen (N), and phosphorus (P) in leaves, litter, and soil (0-20 cm depth) was investigated for three forest types: Populus davidiana, Larix principis-rupprechtii, and Pinus tabuliformis. The results showed that the stoichiometry of C, N, and P of the same component in the three forests were significantly different. The C and N contents in leaves, litter, and soil in P. davidiana forest were higher than those in L. principis-rupprechtii and P. tabuliformis forests were. However, P in the L. principis-rupprechtii forest was higher than that in the P. davidiana forest and P. tabuliformis forests were. The C, N, and P contents of the components in the three forests were, in order, leaves > litter > soil, and the three nutrient contents were significantly higher in leaves and litter than they were in soil. C:N and C:P in the three forests exhibited a trend of litter > leaves > soil, whereas that for N:P was leaves > soil > litter. There were highly significant positive relationships in N:P between the litter and the soil in the P. davidiana forest. Leaf C:N and litter C:P in the L. principis-rupprechtii forest were significantly negatively correlated, whereas N:P in the leaves and soil was positively correlated. There was a significant positive correlation in N:P between the leaves and the soil in the P. tabuliformis forest. In conclusion, the N contents in leaves and soil exhibited a significant positive correlation, whereas there was no significant correlation between C, N, and P in litter or soil. Environmental factors had a large influence on the stoichiometry of C, N, and P in soil. In particular, latitude and altitude had the most significant effects on C, N, P, C:N, and C:P and were significantly p ositively correlated. T hese results provide a scientific basis for f urther studies on nutrient utilization a nd t he cyclic characteristics of different forests in this area. © 2018 Science Press. All rights reserved.     

Characteristics of N2O emission from Medicago sativa stands and its response to nitrogen fertilizers in the Longdong dryland Plateau北大核心CSCD

Nitrous oxide (N2O) is one of the potent greenhouse gases (GHG) that depletes the stratospheric ozone. Nitrogen fertilizers are considered to be a major source of nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions from arable soils. To investigate the characteristics of N2O emission, its influencing factors, and its response to nitrogen application in dry grassland in the Loess Plateau, one of the most intensively used agricultural regions in China, we conducted a field trial with two treatments including N0 (0 kg hm-2) and N150 (150 kg hm-2) at the Qingyang Loess Plateau grassland agricultural research station of Lanzhou University. An LGR-N2O/CO gas analyzer was used to monitor the emissions. The results showed that the N2O fluxes of the N0 and N150 treatments during the monitoring period were -0.0036 and 0.0118 mg m-2 h-1, respectively; the flux in case of the N150 treatment was significantly higher than that for the N0 treatment. The N2O emission flux has a distinct diurnal variation characteristic, which first showed the trend of decreasing and then increasing. Regression analysis indicated a significant positive correlation between the N2O flux and the surface soil water content at a depth of 10 cm. The N2O emission flux increased by 131.3%, compared with that during the non-precipitation days. At the same time, the N2O emission flux showed a trend of decreasing with the increase of the surface soil temperature at a depth of 10 cm. The daily emission characteristics indicated that there may be a significant underestimation of the N2O flux at the daily or longer time-scale, based on the N2O flux value measured at 9:00-11:00. In summary, the N2O emissions from the sown alfalfa grassland of the eastern Gansu are strongly affected by precipitation and nitrogen application and have obvious daily dynamic characteristics. It is recommended that the accuracy and representativeness of N2O emission flux data be enhanced by continuous dynamic measurement using the instrument. © 2018 Science Press. All rights reserved.