关于黑龙江省大气污染物减排指标的分析

总量减排已成为环保工作的重中之重,按照十二五大气污染物减排指标,重点关注了二氧化硫、氮氧化物的排放情况。从全省、区域、行业等多角度展开研究,以期弄清黑龙江省大气环境中两项减排指标的排放现状。     

Source and deposition of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons to Shanghai, China

Despite recent efforts to investigate the distribution and fate of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in air, water, and soil, very little is known about their temporal change in wet deposition. As a result of increased attention to public health, a large-scale survey on the deposition flux and distribution of PAH contamination in rainwater was urgently conducted in Shanghai, China. In this study, 163 rainwater samples were collected from six sites, and 15 PAH compounds were detected by the use of a simple solid phase microextraction (SPME) technique coupled with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The dominant PAH species monitored were naphthalene, phenanthrene, anthracene, and fluoranthene. The concentration of total PAHs per event was between 74 and 980 ng/L, with an average value of 481 ng/L, which is at the high end of worldwide figures. The annual deposition flux of PAHs in rainwater was estimated to be 4148 kg/yr in the Shanghai area, suggesting rainfall as a major possible pathway for removing PAHs from the atmosphere. Diagnostic analysis by the ratios of An/178 and Fl/Fl+Py suggested that combustion of grass, wood, and coal was the major contributor to PAHs in the Shanghai region. Back trajectory analysis also indicated that the pollutant sources could be from the southern part of China.     

太湖重污染区麦季养分输入与流失规律研究

为了识别太湖流域重污染区典型麦季污染物流失规律,以田间单元为研究对象,研究了麦季不同施肥处理条件下营养元素的输入和流失与降雨的关系。结果表明,大气湿沉降和施肥输入氮素190.23 kg/hm2,磷素19.12 kg/hm2;优化施肥-秸秆还田处理条件下COD、总氮和总磷平均流失量均小于常规施肥处理,而小麦产量有一定增加,说明采用深施化肥可以降低营养元素的流失,而秸秆还田措施对小麦产量的增加有一定帮助;径流流失中氮的形态以硝态氮为主,硝氮、氨氮平均浓度分别占总氮浓度的85.8%和4.84%,所以重污染区农田径流污染应着重考虑硝态氮的处理。文章研究结果可为太湖流域重污染区农田径流流失的治理提供基础性支撑。     

模拟氮沉降对中亚热带森林土壤中可溶性氮含量的影响

通过野外模拟试验,研究CK〔对照,0 kg(hm2.a)〕、LN〔低氮,30 kg(hm2.a)〕和HN〔高氮,100 kg(hm2.a)〕处理3个氮沉降水平对亚热带针叶(杉木)和阔叶(浙江桂、罗桴栲)森林土壤中可溶性氮含量的影响.结果表明:施氮后3 d,土壤中的w(SIN)(可溶性无机氮含量)在CK和LN处理之间差异不显著,仅发现HN处理与LN及CK处理之间的差异显著.施氮后3个月,各处理之间差异不显著;与施氮后3 d相比,土壤中的w(NH4+-N)在CK处理显著增加了42%～68%(P<0.05),而HN处理则显著降低了45%～58%(P<0.05);土壤中的w(NO3--N)平均降低了24%～88%,其中HN处理降幅最大也最显著;杉木林土壤降幅最大.施氮后3 d,随着施氮水平的提高土壤尤其是杉木林土壤中的w(SON)(可溶性有机氮含量)增加,其占w(TSN)(可溶性总氮含量)的比例降低.然而3个月后,施氮影响趋缓甚至相反;与施氮后3 d比较,HN处理下w(SON)降低,而其占w(TSN)的比例却有所升高,表明SON损失仍低于SIN.阔叶天然林土壤中的w(SON)显著高于杉木人工林,表明凋落物性质差异造成的影响与w(SON)变化有关.     

地表水中氨氮和总氮的相关性分析

为了解地表水中氨氮和总氮之间的相关关系,通过2010年濮阳市6个监测点位地表水的氨氮和总氮的监测数据,分析了氨氮和总氮之间的相关性,结果表明:地表水氨氮和总氮两个监测因子之间的相关关系为冬季最好R为0.9270,春、秋其次R分别为0.8980和0.8695,最后是夏季为0.6780。氨氮和总氮之间的比例系数波动范围较大为0.040～1.138,各不同季节的平均值为0.38。     

城市污水处理工艺的对比研究

介绍了包头市现有五座城市污水处理厂概况,分析了处理工艺低温的适应性。通过分析其中三座采用不同工艺相似水质污水处理厂的进、出水水质,研究不同处理工艺的处理效果。通过设定相同处理规模,分析三种不同工艺相同规模污水处理厂的经济性。最终得出目前包头市处理效果最佳、经济性最优的城市污水处理工艺,为包头市城市污水处理厂提标改造提供参考。     

Toluene decomposition performance and NOx by-product formation during a DBD-catalyst process

Characteristics of toluene decomposition and formation of nitrogen oxide(NOx) by-products were investigated in a dielectric barrier discharge(DBD) reactor with/without catalyst at room temperature and atmospheric pressure. Four kinds of metal oxides, i.e., manganese oxide(Mn Ox), iron oxide(Fe Ox), cobalt oxide(Co Ox) and copper oxide(Cu O), supported on Al2O3/nickel foam, were used as catalysts. It was found that introducing catalysts could improve toluene removal efficiency, promote decomposition of by-product ozone and enhance CO2 selectivity. In addition, NOx was suppressed with the decrease of specific energy density(SED) and the increase of humidity, gas flow rate and toluene concentration, or catalyst introduction. Among the four kinds of catalysts, the Cu O catalyst showed the best performance in NOx suppression. The Mn Ox catalyst exhibited the lowest concentration of O3 and highest CO2 selectivity but the highest concentration of NOx. A possible pathway for NOx production in DBD was discussed. The contributions of oxygen active species and hydroxyl radicals are dominant in NOx suppression.     

Ammonia volatilization from a Chinese cabbage field under different nitrogen treatments in the Taihu Lake Basin, China

Ammonia(NH_3) volatilization is a major pathway of nitrogen(N) loss from soil-crop systems.As vegetable cultivation is one of the most important agricultural land uses worldwide,a deeper understanding of NH_3 volatilization is necessary in vegetable production systems.We therefore conducted a 3-year(2010–2012) field experiment to characterize NH_3 volatilization and evaluate the effect of different N fertilizer treatments on this process during the growth period of Chinese cabbage.Ammonia volatilization rate,rainfall,soil water content,p H,and soil NH_4~+were measured during the growth period.The results showed that NH_3 volatilization was significantly and positively correlated to topsoil p H and NH4+concentration.Climate factors and fertilization method also significantly affected NH_3 volatilization.Specifically,organic fertilizer(OF) increased NH_3 volatilization by 11.77%–18.46%,compared to conventional fertilizer(CF,urea),while organic–inorganic compound fertilizer(OIF) reduced NH_3 volatilization by 8.82%–12.67% compared to CF.Furthermore,slow-release fertilizers had significantly positive effects on controlling NH_3 volatilization,with a 60.73%–68.80% reduction for sulfur-coated urea(SCU),a 71.85%–78.97% reduction for biological Carbon Power~#174; urea(BCU),and a 77.66%–83.12% reduction for bulk-blend controlled-release fertilizer(BBCRF)relative to CF.This study provides much needed baseline information,which will help in fertilizer choice and management practices to reduce NH_3 volatilization and encourage the development of new strategies for vegetable planting.     

济南市土壤酸沉降承压度研究

将承载力理论应用到酸沉降研究中,建立了土壤酸沉降承载力评价方法,并对济南市进行了实证分析.在地理信息系统(GIS)支持下,以遥感数据为数据源,在确定土壤外界压力及内部缓冲能力的基础上,计算了土壤酸沉降承压度.以承压度作为评价指标对济南市土壤酸沉降承载状况进行了评价.将承压度大于1定义为超载,结果表明,2005-2010年济南市S沉降超载区域大多分布在南部部分植被区域及北部部分耕地区域,超载的主要土壤类型为潮土;N沉降超载区域主要分布在南部部分植被区域,各主要土壤类型N沉降承压度平均值均小于1.评价方法借助于遥感数据,能够满足区域土壤酸沉降承载力评价空间和时间尺度上的需求,是对土壤酸沉降常规研究方法的补充.     

2010年中国东部PM2.5空间分布及沉降模拟研究

结合我国目前面临的PM2.5污染严重问题,采用CMAQ 4.7.1模式模拟我国东部各省PM2.5浓度分布,并探索了其输送、沉降规律.结果表明:综合空气质量模式CMAQ模拟结果与观测结果较为一致,可以较好地模拟PM2.5质量浓度变化特征;我国东部PM2.5呈现明显的季节分布特征,且PM2.5质量浓度分布与污染源的位置分布有较好的对应,呈现由城市边缘向城市中心推移递增的趋势,区域性PM25高值中心可达120 μg/m3以上;湿沉降是细颗粒物的主要去除方式,且湿沉降量至少为干沉降量5倍以上;PM2.5夏季沉降通量最大,冬季最小,我国东部地区沉降通量高值中心可达30 mg/(m2·d)以上;模拟区域湿沉降量占总沉降量的91％以上,模拟计算区域的总沉降量为4.67×106 t/a,其中京津冀地区细颗粒物总沉降量为1.65 × 106 t/a.