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261.
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通过农户问卷调查和地下水田间取样分析 ,主要对河北省藁城市蔬菜种植区的化肥施用与地下水硝酸盐污染现状进行了研究。结果表明 :2 0 0 1年藁城市蔬菜种植区化肥施用纯量为 1 4 0 8.6kg·hm-2 ,其中氮肥施用纯量为 84 0 .8kg·hm-2 ;藁城市各蔬菜种植模式下氮肥施用量由高到低的顺序依次为大棚 >温室 >中棚 >小棚 >地膜 >露地 ;温室、中棚和露地蔬菜区地下水硝酸盐含量最高值出现在 8月 ,而地膜蔬菜区则在 1 1月 ;各蔬菜种植模式对地下水影响的大小顺序为地膜 >中棚 >温室 >露地 ,影响因素主要有密集度、种植模式、种植年限、氮肥施用量和土壤质地等。 相似文献
263.
矿化垃圾(稳定化垃圾)是一种良好的生物介质,可作为生物反应床的填料处理NOX废气。实验室研究表明,稳定化垃圾反应床可有效地处理NOX气体,其硝化能力(以N计)可达0.83g/(kg·d)(干重)。NOX去除率受停留时间的影响显著,NOX去除率随着停留时间的缩短而降低。当空床停留时间为1.5min时,NOX气体的平均去除率为76.7%;空床停留时间为15min时,NOX气体的平均去除率为91.0%。在NOX进气负荷低于110mmol/(m3·h)时,NOX消除能力随进气负荷的增加而线性增加。当进气流量一定时,NOX去除能力随着进气NOX浓度的增加而线性增加。 相似文献
264.
R. Rai M. Agrawal S.B. Agrawal 《Atmospheric environment (Oxford, England : 1994)》2007,41(40):9543-9554
The present study deals with the evaluation of effects of ambient gaseous air pollution on wheat (Triticum aestivum L. var. HUW-234) growing in a suburban area situated in eastern Gangetic plain of India, using open top chambers. Eight hourly air monitoring was conducted for ambient concentrations of SO2, NO2 and O3 in filtered chambers (FCs), non-filtered chambers (NFCs) and open plots (OPs). Various morphological, physiological and biochemical parameters were assessed during different developmental stages and finally yield parameters were quantified at the time of harvest.Mean concentrations of SO2, NO2 and O3 were 8.4, 39.9 and 40.1 ppb, respectively during the experiment in NFCs. Concentrations of SO2, NO2 and O3 reduced by 74.6%, 84.7% and 90.4%, respectively in FCs as compared to NFCs. Plants grown in FCs showed higher photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance, chlorophyll content and Fv/Fm ratio as compared to the plants in NFCs and OPs. Lipid peroxidation, proline, total phenol and ascorbic acid contents and peroxidase activity were higher in plants grown in NFCs. There were improvements in morphological parameters of plants growing in FCs as compared to those in NFCs and OPs. Yield of plants also increased significantly in FCs as compared to those ventilated with ambient air (NFCs) or grown in OPs. During the vegetative phase, NO2 concentrations were higher than O3, but O3 became dominant pollutant during the time of grain setting and filling. The study concludes that O3 and NO2 are the main air pollutants in the sub-urban areas causing significant yield reductions in tropical wheat plants. 相似文献
265.
Xiaodong Zou Zhemin Shen Tao Yuan Shan Yin Jingping Cai Liping Chen Wenhua Wang 《Atmospheric environment (Oxford, England : 1994)》2006,40(40):8068-8073
In this paper, a shifted power-law model, based on the wind profile model, had been supposed to simulate concentration gradient of nitrogen dioxide (NO2) with distance from a highway. Field experiments were performed for NO2 gradients from a highway in Shanghai by using passive samplers. The shifted power-law model was fitted well with experimental results of field experiments both in this study and in the literature. The results not only verified the validity of shifted power-law relationship between NO2 concentration and the distance from a highway, but also partially demonstrated that there were some significant similarities between wind profile and air pollutants concentration profile near highway. With known concentration of chosen reference point and appropriate value of the parameter k, the model could be practically applied for predicting the NO2 distributions near a highway. The methods of determining the parameter k were also discussed for further detailed studies. 相似文献
266.
Patrick Martinez Donald K. Brandvold 《Atmospheric environment (Oxford, England : 1994)》1996,30(24):4177-4182
This research consists of a laboratory study and a field study. The laboratory research reports the formation of NOx from a point to plane corona discharge. Discharge polarity and relative humidity determined the amount of NOx that was produced. The positive point discharge caused more NOx to form than the negative point discharge. For both polarities NOx production showed a nonlinear increase with current. Relative humidity enhanced the NOx formation for both polarities. In each case, the amount of NOx formed was comparable to the quantity of N2O produced from corona discharge. The research also reports the results from a field study that measured the amounts of 03 and NO2 produced by corona discharge during a thunderstorm. The study found that the ambient concentrations of 03 and NO2 increased several fold due to corona discharge and returned to original levels after the thunderstorm. 相似文献
267.
In this paper, we present two years of seasonal nitric oxide (NO), ammonia (NH3), and nitrous oxide (N2O) trace gas fluxes measured in a recovering riparian zone with cattle excluded and adjacent riparian zone grazed by cattle. In the recovering riparian zone, average NO, NH3, and N2O fluxes were 5.8, 2.0, and 76.7 ng N m−2 s−1 (1.83, 0.63, and 24.19 kg N ha−1 y−1), respectively. Fluxes in the grazed riparian zone were larger, especially for NO and NH3, measuring 9.1, 4.3, and 77.6 ng N m−2 s−1 (2.87, 1.35, and 24.50 kg N ha−1 y−1) for NO, NH3, and N2O, respectively. On average, N2O accounted for greater than 85% of total trace gas flux in both the recovering and grazed riparian zones, though N2O fluxes were highly variable temporally. In the recovering riparian zone, variability in seasonal average fluxes was explained by variability in soil nitrogen (N) concentrations. Nitric oxide flux was positively correlated with soil ammonium (NH4+) concentration, while N2O flux was positively correlated with soil nitrate (NO3−) concentration. Ammonia flux was positively correlated with the ratio of NH4+ to NO3−. In the grazed riparian zone, average NH3 and N2O fluxes were not correlated with soil temperature, N concentrations, or moisture. This was likely due to high variability in soil microsite conditions related to cattle effects such as compaction and N input. Nitric oxide flux in the grazed riparian zone was positively correlated with soil temperature and NO3− concentration. Restoration appeared to significantly affect NO flux, which increased ≈600% during the first year following restoration and decreased during the second year to levels encountered at the onset of restoration. By comparing the ratio of total trace gas flux to soil N concentration, we show that the restored riparian zone is likely more efficient than the grazed riparian zone at diverting upper-soil N from the receiving stream to the atmosphere. This is likely due to the recovery of microbiological communities following changes in soil physical characteristics. 相似文献
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270.
我国化肥施用量及其可能污染的时空分布特征 总被引:13,自引:1,他引:13
近年来,随着化肥施用量的增加,由化肥污染所引起的环境问题逐渐被人们所认识。文章利用我国各省历年主要农作物播种面积和化肥用量资料,提出了化肥施用量评价指数。我国总的化肥施用量没有超过适宜施用量;氮肥实际施用量基本接近于适宜施用量,而磷肥、钾肥的实际施用量严重不足。但对全国各省情况的研究表明,东部地区的氮肥施用量普遍超过或接近于适宜施用量,而中西部地区的氮肥施用量普遍小于适宜施用量;各省磷肥和钾肥的施用量普遍严重不足。因此,应降低东部的氮肥用量以减少污染,同时增加中西部的氮肥施用量。全国各省均应增加磷、钾肥施用量,调整氮、磷、钾肥的比例,有计划地安排我国氮、磷、钾肥的施用量及合理比例,从化肥污染的源头减少化肥污染。 相似文献