环境空气中二氧化氮的测定及问题研究

通过介绍环境空气中二氧化氮的测定方法──自动仪器监测法，对有关问题进行了初步探讨和研究，为正确使用该方法和仪器，确保监测工作的顺利进行提供了依据。     

处理化肥厂造气废水新型催化剂的研究

利用合成的氧化还原树脂进行了实际废水的处理 ,取得了良好的效果 ,开辟了废水处理的一条新途径。     

平原感潮河网地区不同土地利用下营养盐迁移特征

分别在南通平原河网地区选择典型非圩区开展野外原位试验,用野外观测和室内分析相结合的方法,研究平原非圩区典型试验小区不同土地利用下营养盐在自然降雨—径流驱动下迁移的时空分布特征.结果表明,导致营养盐迁移时空分布存在显著差异的主要原因为不同的土地利用类型、施肥条件及植被覆盖度等,不同土地利用下的径流量差异是导致营养盐迁移通...     

Spatial and temporal variation of below-ground N transfer from a leguminous tree to an associated grass in an agroforestry system

Nitrogen (N) transfer from leguminous trees can be a major N source for the associated crop in low-input agroforestry systems. The aim of this study was to identify the main climatic and soil factors controlling N transfer from the leguminous tree Gliricidia sepium (Jacq.) Walp to the associated grass Dichanthium aristatum (Poir.) C.E. Hubb, in a 16-year-old tropical agroforestry system. Nitrogen transfer was estimated using the natural ¹⁵N abundance method. Before tree pruning, total N transfer represented 57% of the N uptake of the grass, including 31% coming from N₂ fixation. The spatial variation induced by the tree was well described by soil organic N content (ON). In this system, ON is an index of soil available N as well as of tree root density. Rainfall (R) and evapotranspiration (ETP) were the main climatic factors controlling N transfer. Multiple regression analysis indicated that R, ETP and ON explained 79% of the temporal and spatial variation of N transfer. Transferred N cannot be estimated after pruning because of the change in the isotopic signature of the soil N source. This was related to N release from root turnover. The results suggest that grass showed a preferential uptake of N coming from the tree, which could be due to a lower energy cost compared to obtaining absorbed N from the clayey soil used in this work.     

应用投加粉末活性炭的膜生物反应器处理生活污水的研究

应用向间歇曝气的膜生物反应器内投加粉末活性炭的新工艺，进行了处理模拟生活污水的研究，将此研究结果与未投加粉末活性炭时的研究结果相比较，表明该工艺不仅可以取得更优的出水水质，而且可以从根本上减少膜阻力，维持高膜通量。     

土壤作物生态系统中的铅镉污染影响研究

土壤的铅镉污染是一个非常严重的环境问题。利用植物生长实验确认在土壤中添加有机肥后可以抑制和减缓Pb、Cd向作物器官中的迁移。     

沈阳区域环境空气中一氧化氮与二氧化氮时空分布规律

以沈阳区域环境空气监测分析结果为依据 ,分析了 1 994～ 1 998年内空气中一氧化氮与二氧化氮时空分布状况及其变化趋势     

微生物有机肥对樱桃园土壤细菌群落的影响

采用田间试验,探究微生物有机肥对樱桃园土壤细菌群落的影响.利用高通量测序和实时定量PCR技术,研究不施肥（CK）、常规施肥（CN）和施微生物有机肥（CB）处理土壤细菌数量、多样性和群落结构的变化.结果表明,施微生物有机肥显著提高了土壤有机质、全氮、碱解氮和速效磷含量.结合16S rRNA基因拷贝数和α^-多样性指数结果,发现施微生物有机肥能提高细菌数量,且提高细菌多样性和丰富度.不同施肥处理显著改变了细菌群落结构.门水平上,变形菌门、酸杆菌门、厚壁菌门、芽单胞菌门、放线菌门为优势类群,共占细菌总量的74.3%~85.1%.目水平上,CB处理中Acidobacteria_Gp4和Gp6相对丰度显著低于CK处理,而Acidobacteria_Gp7较CK处理增加了75.4%.冗余分析结果表明,环境因子解释了细菌群落变化的92.3%,土壤有机质、全氮含量和pH值是造成樱桃园土壤细菌群落结构差异的主要原因.因此,施用微生物有机肥能显著提高土壤养分含量、土壤细菌数量及群落多样性,对于培肥地力极为重要.     

Seasonal exports of phosphorus from intensively fertilised nested grassland catchments

We carried out a one year (2002) study of phosphorus (P) loss from soil to water in three nested grassland catchments with known P input in chemical fertilizer and animal liquid slurry applications. Chemical fertilizer was applied to the grasslands between March and September and animal slurry was applied over the twelve months. The annual chemical P fertilizer applications for the 17 and 211 ha catchments were 16.4 and 23.7 kg P/ha respectively and the annual slurry applications were 10.7 and 14.0 kg P/ha, respectively. The annual total phosphorus (TP) export in stream-flow was 2.61, 2.48 and 1.61 kg P/ha for the 17, 211 and 1524 ha catchments, respectively, compared with a maximum permissible (by regulation) annual export of ca. 0.35 kg P/ha. The export rate (ratio of P export to P in land applications) was 9.6% and 6.6% from the 17 and 211 ha catchments, respectively. On average, 70% of stream flow and 85% of the P export occurred during the five wet months (October to February) indicating that when precipitation is much greater than evaporation, the hydrological conditions are most favourable for P export. However the soil quality and land use history may vary the results. Particulate P made up 22%, 43% and 37% of the TP export at the 17, 211 and 1524 ha catchment areas, respectively. As the chemical fertilizer was spread during the grass growth months (March to September), it has less immediate impact on stream water quality than the slurry applications. We also show that as the catchment scale increases, the P concentrations and P export decrease, confirming dilution due to increasing rural catchment size. In the longer term, the excess P from fertilizer maintains high soil P levels, an antecedent condition favourable to P loss from soil to water. This study confirms the significant negative water quality impact of excess P applications, particularly liquid animal slurry applications in wet winter months. The findings suggest that restricted P application in wet months can largely reduce the P losses from soil to water.     

化肥和有机肥配施生物炭对紫色土壤养分及磷赋存形态的影响

研究紫色土壤养分含量与不同形态磷含量对生物炭配施化肥和有机肥的响应,探明不同施肥处理对紫色土壤养分和磷形态的影响,以期为生物炭在紫色土区的合理农用提供科学依据.采用盆栽试验方法,设置对照(CK)、传统施肥(F)、化肥+20 t·hm-2稻壳生物炭(FP)、化肥+10 t·hm-2稻壳生物炭+10 t·hm-2玉米生物炭...