Binational school-based monitoring of traffic-related air pollutants in El Paso, Texas (USA) and Ciudad Juárez, Chihuahua (México)

Paired indoor and outdoor concentrations of fine and coarse particulate matter (PM), PM2.5 reflectance [black carbon(BC)], and nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) were determined for sixteen weeks in 2008 at four elementary schools (two in high and two in low traffic density zones) in a U.S.-Mexico border community to aid a binational health effects study. Strong spatial heterogeneity was observed for all outdoor pollutant concentrations. Concentrations of all pollutants, except coarse PM, were higher in high traffic zones than in the respective low traffic zones. Black carbon and NO₂ appear to be better traffic indicators than fine PM. Indoor air pollution was found to be well associated with outdoor air pollution, although differences existed due to uncontrollable factors involving student activities and building/ventilation configurations. Results of this study indicate substantial spatial variability of pollutants in the region, suggesting that children’s exposures to these pollutants vary based on the location of their school.     

The influence of neighborhood traffic density on the respiratory health of elementary schoolchildren

Background

Several studies have found that living near major roadways is associated with an increase in respiratory illness but few studies have measured the volume and type of traffic.

Objective

We investigated the relation between traffic volume and respiratory health of 2328 children 9 to 11 years old in the city of Windsor, Canada.

Methods

We identified the roadways within a 200 meter radius of the child's neighborhood using the latitude and longitude of the residential postal code. Traffic exposure was defined as the sum of the annual volume of vehicles on all of these roadways. Volume was calculated using sensors to detect passing vehicles (simple traffic counts), and by counts and direction of traffic at intersections (turning movement counts). Ventilatory lung function was measured by spirometry and airway inflammation by exhaled nitric oxide (eNO).

Results

The odds ratio between an interquartile increase in truck turning movement counts and chest congestion was 1.20 (1.06-1.35). The percentage of predicted FVC declined 0.68%, (95% CI 1.32, 0.03) for an interquartile increase in simple traffic counts (33,787 vehicles daily). Among those with self-reported asthma, effect sizes were larger. Percentage predicted FEV₁ declined 1.84% (95% CI 0.07, 3.61) associated with an interquartile range increase in turning movement counts. No statistically significant change was detected between traffic measures and exhaled nitric oxide.

Conclusions

Our findings provide further support for the hypothesis that neighborhood exposure to traffic-related air pollution increases respiratory symptoms and reduces ventilatory function in children, especially those with self-reported asthma.     

中国商品有机肥重金属分析

测定了来自10个地区不同生产原料的118个商品有机肥样品的重金属含量.结果表明:(1)商品有机肥样品中的Cd、Hg、Pb、Cr、As、Zn、Cu、Ni的平均值分别为0.600、0.120、7.34、84.30、9.45、202.91、91.06、11.01 mg/kg.(2)河南、湖北、上海的商品有机肥中8种重金属平均值均较高;内蒙古的商品有机肥中Cr平均值为20.32 mg/kg,广西的商品有机肥中Zn平均值为51.36mg/kg,远低于所有样品中Cr和Zn平均值.(3)以猪粪为主要生产原料的商品有机肥中重金属平均值最高.(4)Cr超过中国商品有机肥重金属限量标准、欧盟生态标志法的重金属限量标准、加拿大堆肥重金属限量标准(A级)和加拿大堆肥重金属限量标准(B级);As、Cd超过中国商品有机肥重金属限量标准、欧盟生态标志法的重金属限量标准和加拿大堆肥重金属限量标准(A级);Cu、Zn超过欧盟生态标志法的重金属限量标准和加拿大堆肥重金属限量标准(A级);Hg超过加拿大堆肥重金属限量标准(A级);Pb超过中国商品有机肥重金属限量标准;Ni均未超标.     

丹江口库区化肥施用控制与农田生态补偿标准

为保护丹江口水库水质,减少氮、磷流入水体,可考虑以生态补偿方式鼓励农民将部分土地休耕或退耕。利用样本调查的农户微观数据,估计了丹江口库区主要农作物小麦、玉米、水稻产量与化肥施用量的经验函数,计算了库区农田平均生态补偿标准。结果是:基于2008年的生产条件、技术水平和市场价格,种植小麦须补偿259.69元/亩,玉米须补偿331.64元/亩,水稻须补偿567.31元/亩。为减少补偿过程中的政府强制行为和信息租金,可考虑将农户土地按历年产量进行评估后分成多个等级,每一等级支付该等级土地最高净收益。本文将每亩作物净收益即每亩劳动收入和地租作为农田生态补偿标准,这一计算标准是基于农民遭受的损失,属于保留效用,是农民谈判的起点。如果南水北调中线工程是有利可图的,可进一步将工程的部分净收益分配给维护生态系统、保护水质的库区农民,具体分配的份额则取决于当地农民的谈判力。     

Sustainable Development in an N-Rich/N-Poor World

Sustainable development requires that per capita inclusive wealth—produced, human, and natural capital—does not decline over time. We investigate the impact of changes in nitrogen on inclusive wealth. There are two sides to the nitrogen problem. Excess use of nitrogen in some places gives rise to N-pollution, which can cause environmental damage. Insufficient replacement of nitrogen in other places gives rise to N-depletion, or loss of nutrient stocks. Neither is explicitly accounted for in current wealth measures, but both affect wealth. We calculate an index of net N-replacement, and investigate its relationship to wealth. In countries with low levels of relative N-loss, we find that the uncompensated loss of soil nitrogen in poorer countries is associated with declining rates of growth of inclusive per capita wealth. What is less intuitive is that increasing fertilizer application in both rich and poor countries can increase per capita inclusive wealth.     

大气污染影响下凯里植物氮、硫含量分析

对大气污染影响下凯里植物氮、硫质量分数进行测定分析。结果表明:植物的氮质量分数为0.8%～2.8%,平均值为1.5%;硫质量分数为0.4%～1.4%,平均值为0.8%。植物的氮、硫质量分数都高于对照点植物,为对照点植物的1.4倍、1.9倍,表明该区植物已受到了大气污染的影响。不同植物间的氮、硫质量分数差异达到3.5倍和2.5倍。不同类型植物的氮、硫质量分数也存在差异,氮质量分数中:藤本>草本>灌木>乔木,硫质量分数中:藤本>草本>乔木>灌木;落叶植物的氮、硫质量分数>常绿植物的氮、硫质量分数。不同研究点植物的氮、硫质量分数存在差异,均表现为:玻璃厂>火电厂>水泥厂。     

广东省甘蔗专用BB肥的研制、施用及效益

研究了广东省几个主栽甘蔗品种的肥料效应,提出广东省甘蔗专用BB肥的适宜配肥比例为N：P2O5：K2O=1：0．30：0．78-1．00．在中等肥力土壤上,高产甘蔗推荐施肥量为甘蔗专用BB肥1140-1410kg/hm2.施用甘蔗专用BBe肥具有极显著的增产效益,其肥效优于通用型复合肥（15-15-15）和当地肥料,单位面积投肥成本低,经济效益高．     

通过农产品质量认证的合作社影响农业化肥用量的理论机制与实证分析

化肥减量施用是实现中国农产品质量安全与农业绿色高质量发展的重要举措之一,而小规模分散化的经营格局不利于化肥减量技术的推广使用。农民合作社是弥补小规模经营不足与实施农产品质量认证的重要制度安排,其能否以及如何促进农业化肥减量是当前亟待回答的重大现实问题。本文阐明了通过农产品质量认证的合作社对农业化肥用量的影响及作用机制,并基于2007—2018年中国30个省级（市、自治区）面板数据展开实证分析。研究结果表明：通过农产品质量认证的合作社存在显著的化肥减施效应,其主要通过质量溢价、组织规范、组织支持传导路径实现农业化肥减量。从区域差异看,在化肥用量处于高分位点的省份,通过农产品质量认证的合作社表现出更为显著的化肥减施效应;从农作物差异看,通过农产品质量认证的合作社对农业化肥减量施用的贡献主要来自水稻、小麦、玉米三大粮食作物,以及棉花、甘蔗、苹果、柑子四类经济作物的化肥减施效应。     

施肥后土壤HONO排放特征及排放因子研究

近年发现土壤可以排放亚硝酸（HONO）,对大气氧化性具有潜在的重要影响.施肥能增加土壤含氮气体的排放,通常用排放因子表征气体排放量对化肥的响应关系.但HONO的相关研究尚为空白,制约了对这一新的地气交换机制的环境效应的评估.为此,在珠三角对一块菜地施用3种化肥（复合肥、碳酸氢铵和尿素）,利用动态箱测量施肥前后的HONO排放通量.结果表明,土壤施用3种氮肥后的最大HONO排放通量分别为23.1、19.5和57.4 ng·m-2·s-1,分别是施肥前最大值的3.5、3.2和9.4倍;3种氮肥的HONO排放因子分别为8.60×10-5、1.44×10-4和2.48×10-4;施肥后HONO排放通量呈现白天高夜间低的特征,且与土壤温度、土壤孔隙含水量（WFPS,在低含水量区间）呈正相关关系.证实了施肥对HONO排放具有显著促进作用,通过外场实测获得的3种化肥HONO排放因子,将为编制HONO排放清单等后续研究提供依据.     

A classification and regression tree model of controls on dissolved inorganic nitrogen leaching from European forests

Often, there is a non-linear relationship between atmospheric dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN) input and DIN leaching that is poorly captured by existing models. We present the first application of the non-parametric classification and regression tree approach to evaluate the key environmental drivers controlling DIN leaching from European forests. DIN leaching was classified as low (<3), medium (3-15) or high (>15 kg N ha⁻¹ year⁻¹) at 215 sites across Europe. The analysis identified throughfall NO₃⁻ deposition, acid deposition, hydrology, soil type, the carbon content of the soil, and the legacy of historic N deposition as the dominant drivers of DIN leaching for these forests. Ninety four percent of sites were successfully classified into the appropriate leaching category. This approach shows promise for understanding complex ecosystem responses to a wide range of anthropogenic stressors as well as an improved method for identifying risk and targeting pollution mitigation strategies in forest ecosystems.