Seasonal exports of phosphorus from intensively fertilised nested grassland catchments

We carried out a one year (2002) study of phosphorus (P) loss from soil to water in three nested grassland catchments with known P input in chemical fertilizer and animal liquid slurry applications. Chemical fertilizer was applied to the grasslands between March and September and animal slurry was applied over the twelve months. The annual chemical P fertilizer applications for the 17 and 211 ha catchments were 16.4 and 23.7 kg P/ha respectively and the annual slurry applications were 10.7 and 14.0 kg P/ha, respectively. The annual total phosphorus (TP) export in stream-flow was 2.61, 2.48 and 1.61 kg P/ha for the 17, 211 and 1524 ha catchments, respectively, compared with a maximum permissible (by regulation) annual export of ca. 0.35 kg P/ha. The export rate (ratio of P export to P in land applications) was 9.6% and 6.6% from the 17 and 211 ha catchments, respectively. On average, 70% of stream flow and 85% of the P export occurred during the five wet months (October to February) indicating that when precipitation is much greater than evaporation, the hydrological conditions are most favourable for P export. However the soil quality and land use history may vary the results. Particulate P made up 22%, 43% and 37% of the TP export at the 17, 211 and 1524 ha catchment areas, respectively. As the chemical fertilizer was spread during the grass growth months (March to September), it has less immediate impact on stream water quality than the slurry applications. We also show that as the catchment scale increases, the P concentrations and P export decrease, confirming dilution due to increasing rural catchment size. In the longer term, the excess P from fertilizer maintains high soil P levels, an antecedent condition favourable to P loss from soil to water. This study confirms the significant negative water quality impact of excess P applications, particularly liquid animal slurry applications in wet winter months. The findings suggest that restricted P application in wet months can largely reduce the P losses from soil to water.     

不同催花肥对莲雾根际土壤细菌群落多样性的影响

为了解在反季节催花期间不同催花肥处理下莲雾根际土壤细菌群落结构的影响,采用Illumina MiSeq高通量测序技术对细菌16S rRNA V3-V4区进行检测,并结合土壤理化性质,比较分析不施肥（CK）与两种不同浓度施肥处理组（IF组,即无机肥处理组;GM组,即羊粪有机肥处理组）下的根际土壤细菌群落结构多样性.结果表明:①所有样品中共检测到10 925个OTU（operational taxonomic unit,操作分类单元）,包括239 639条有效序列,可分为28个门411个属.②多样性指数分析显示,细菌群落多样性顺序为IFM（中浓度无机肥处理）> GML（低浓度羊粪有机肥处理）> IFL（低浓度无机肥处理）> GMM（中浓度羊粪有机肥处理）> CK（对照）> IFH（高浓度无机肥处理）> GMH（高浓度羊粪有机肥处理）.其中,酸杆菌门（Acidobacteria）、绿弯菌门（Chloroflexi）、变形菌门（Proteobacteria）、放线菌门（Actinobacteria）为主要菌群,所占比例超过总数的67.33%.③不同施肥条件下莲雾根际土壤细菌群落结构特征分析显示,CK、IF组和GM组所特有的OTU数量分别占总数的0.51%、7.08%和2.60%,表明不同肥料的添加对土壤细菌群落多样性产生一定的影响,在IFH和GMH处理下,酸杆菌门的Subgroup_2_norank属与绿弯菌门的JG37-AG-4_norank属的相对丰度最高,分别为13.13%和15.89%.④环境因子的相关性热图分析表明,装甲菌门（Armatimonadetes）、硝化螺旋菌门（Nitrospirae）、酸杆菌门、放线菌门、厚壁菌门（Firmicutes）这五类菌群与不同环境因子的显著性关系如下:装甲菌门群落结构与pH呈现出极显著正相关,硝化螺旋菌门群落结构分别与w（TN）和w（有机质）呈现出显著负相关,酸杆菌门群落结构与w（速效磷）呈现出显著负相关,放线菌门群落结构与w（速效磷）呈现出显著正相关,厚壁菌门群落结构分别与w（速效磷）和w（速效钾）呈现出极显著正相关.研究显示,适量施加无机肥或羊粪有机肥,可以显著提高土壤细菌的丰度和多样性,有利于土壤生态环境的改良与维系.      

钾肥对土壤-辣椒体系中铅生物有效性的影响

在重金属中、轻度污染的土壤土,开展施肥对蔬菜安全生产的研究,对于减少重金属进入食物链、提高农产品的安全性具有重要意义。因此,本研究采用盆栽试验,探讨了不同用量的硫酸钾和氯化钾对辣椒（Capsicum annuum L．）吸收、累积铅的效应及对土壤铅植物有效性的影响。结果表明,硫酸钾能显著促进辣椒生长,降低辣椒根、茎叶及果实中铅含量,土壤有效态铅含量亦随着硫酸钾用量的增加而有所降低;低用量的氯化钾也能促进辣椒的生长,但随着氯化钾用量的增加,辣椒各部分生物量反而降低,其茎叶和果实铅含量也显著增加,而土壤DTPA-Pb含量则没有明显的变化趋势。因此,硫酸钾在控制辣椒吸收重金属铅方面较氯化钾有较好的效果,在类似铅污染农田中可以成为保障辣椒安全生产的简单易行、经济实惠的农艺措施。     

美人蕉对西安护城河水体净化功能的初步研究

以西安护城河污染较严重的北门段水体为研究对象,利用浮床技术种植美人蕉净化重污染水体。研究表明,美人蕉对西安护城河北门段河水TN、TP、COD、NH3-N等的去除率分别为77.4%、89%、93%、97%;这为利用美人蕉浮床系统对西安市护城河水体修复提供了科学依据。     

北运河上游昌平区化肥面源污染年际间差异分析

以2014年、2017年260份调查问卷和582个土壤样品及年度农用化肥总量为依据,梳理了昌平区年际间施肥量、土壤养分、氮磷环境风险和污染源变化,以期为北运河上游化肥面源污染防控提供理论依据.结果表明,相比于2014年,2017年粮食、果类蔬菜、叶类蔬菜和草莓的化肥平均用量分别减少了26.3％、25.5％、20.4％和...     

生物质炭与有机物料混施对土壤温室气体排放和微生物活性的影响

土壤是温室气体的重要排放源,在土壤中施入生物质炭和有机物料对土壤微生物在土壤碳氮转化和微量气体代谢方面有着重要作用,不过迄今在生物质炭和有机物料混施对土壤温室气体排放和微生物活性的影响方面的研究尚少.本研究采用室内培养试验,利用土壤添加生物质炭和生物质炭与不同有机物料混施,探究生物质炭和有机物料混施对土壤温室气体排放及微生物活性的影响.共设5个处理:新鲜土壤(S)、新鲜土壤+2%生物质炭(SB)、新鲜土壤+2%生物质炭+1%大豆饼(SBS)、新鲜土壤+2%生物质炭+1%小麦秸秆(SBW)、新鲜土壤+2%生物质炭+1%鸡粪(SBC).研究表明:只添加生物质炭对温室气体的排放影响不明显;生物质炭与有机物料混施使土壤的CO2、N2O排放明显增加,而对CH4的排放影响不明显;从温室气体增温潜势(GWP)变化可以看出有机物料施用对温室效应具有明显的增强作用;生物质炭与有机物料混施在一定程度上增加微生物生物量碳和代谢熵(q CO2),各处理的代谢熵是对照处理S的0.18~4.37倍;不同有机物料对FDA水解酶、过氧化氢酶、脲酶和碱性磷酸酶活性都表现为激活作用.     

高氨氮浓度下改良型倒置A~2/O工艺的脱氮性能研究

针对高氨氮生活污水,设计了一种新型的脱氮除磷工艺。该工艺是对传统倒置A~2/O工艺的改进,它采用了后置预缺氧区以提高系统的脱氮效果。试验探讨了工艺关键因素与脱氮效果的相关性。试验表明水力停留时间为25 h,内回流比为200%,DO浓度在2 mg/L时,对NH_3-N、TN、TP的去除率分别可达96.17%、73.83%和92.38%。     

火电厂氮氧化物控制技术探讨

氮氧化物是“十二五”期间国家污染物总量控制对象之一.本文在概述国内火电厂氮氧化物控制法规的基础上,详细论述了目前火电行业烟气中氮氧化物的主要控制技术、研究及应用现状、优缺点,并简要总结了我国火电行业氮氧化物控制存在的问题,最后对国内火电行业氮氧化物的污染控制提出了建议.     

Role of secondary aerosols in haze formation in summer in the Megacity Beijing

A field experiment from 18 August to 8 September 2006 in Beijing, China, was carried out. A hazy day was defined as visibility 10 km and RH(relative humidity) 90%. Four haze episodes, which accounted for ~ 60% of the time during the whole campaign, were characterized by increases of SNA(sulfate, nitrate, and ammonium) and SOA(secondary organic aerosol) concentrations. The average values with standard deviation of SO2-+4, NO-3, NH4 and SOA were 49.8(± 31.6), 31.4(±22.3), 25.8(±16.6) and 8.9(±4.1) μg/m3, respectively, during the haze episodes, which were 4.3, 3.4, 4.1, and 1.7 times those in the non-haze days. The SO2-4,NO-3, NH+4, and SOA accounted for 15.8%, 8.8%, 7.3%, and 6.0% of the total mass concentration of PM10 during the non-haze days. The respective contributions of SNA species to PM10 rose to about27.2%, 15.9%, and 13.9% during the haze days, while the contributions of SOA maintained the same level with a slight decrease to about 4.9%. The observed mass concentrations of SNA and SOA increased with the increase of PM10 mass concentration, however, the rate of increase of SNA was much faster than that of the SOA. The SOR(sulfur oxidation ratio) and NOR(nitrogen oxidation ratio) increased from non-haze days to hazy days, and increased with the increase of RH. High concentrations of aerosols and water vapor favored the conversion of SO2 to SO2-4and NO2 to NO-3, which accelerated the accumulation of the aerosols and resulted in the formation of haze in Beijing.     

Seasonal variations of soil bacterial communities in Suaeda wetland of Shuangtaizi River estuary, Northeast China

Estuarine wetland is the transitional interface linking terrestrial with marine ecosystems, and wetland microbes are crucial to the biogeochemical cycles of nutrients. The soil samples were collected in four seasons (spring, S1; summer, S2; autumn, S3; and winter, S4) from Suaeda wetland of Shuangtaizi River estuary, Northeast China, and the variations of bacterial community were evaluated by high-throughput sequencing. Soil properties presented a significant seasonal change, including pH, carbon (C) and total nitrogen (TN), and the microbial diversity, richness and structure also differed with seasons. Canonical correspondence analysis (CCA) and Mantel tests implied that soil pH, C and TN were the key factors structuring the microbial community. Gillisia (belonging to Bacteroidetes) and Woeseia (affiliating with Gammaproteobacteria) were the two primary components in the rhizosphere soils, displaying opposite variations with seasons. Based on PICRUSt (Phylogenetic Investigation of Communities by Reconstruction of Unobserved States) prediction, the xenobiotics biodegradation related genes exhibited a seasonal decline, while the majority of biomarker genes involved in nitrogen cycle showed an ascending trend. These findings could advance the understanding of rhizosphere microbiota of Suaeda in estuarine wetland.