梯级水库建设对怒江与澜沧江沉积物氮形态分布的影响

为探究梯级水库建设对沉积物氮形态分布的影响,通过分级浸取方法得到沉积物的离子交换态氮（IEF-N）、弱酸提取态氮（WAEF-N）、强碱提取态氮（SAEF-N）以及强氧化剂提取态氮（SOEF-N）,对比研究了有梯级水库建设的澜沧江和干流无水电站建设的怒江沉积物中氮形态的分布特征,分析了可转化态氮的主要影响因素.结果表明,两条流域沉积物赋存环境存在差异,进而使沉积物的理化性质呈现明显的差异,最终导致沉积物可转化态氮的含量及空间分布也不同,澜沧江沉积物可转化态氮的含量高于怒江,且澜沧江的空间变化也大于怒江,怒江IEF-N、WAEF-N、SAEF-N与SOEF-N含量范围分别为1.56~2.55,16.91~46.42,1.83~10.66,486.61~719.27mg/kg,澜沧江IEF-N、WAEF-N、SAEF-N与SOEF-N含量范围分别为1.55~14.35,20.77~83.08,1.36~92.15,562.61~1404.82mg/kg.两条河流的可转化态氮含量大小排列顺序一致,均为SOEF-N > WAEF-N > SAEF-N > IEF-N,怒江与澜沧江上游自然河段可转化态氮含量及空间分布基本一致,但在澜沧江的梯级水库段上,4种可转化态氮空间分布特征发生了较明显的变化,产生这种现象的原因主要是水库的建设导致了沉积物理化性质的改变,总有机碳、粒度、氧化还原电位对可转化态氮的影响不同.     

土壤As动态影响下枸杞质量评价及环境风险预测

选择柴达木盆地诺木洪农场3种类型农田进行20 cm表层土壤砷（As）含量检测。第1种为新开垦原生地,第2种为20年耕种地,第3种为50年耕种地,检测As含量分别为16.29、14.90、14.04 mg·kg^-1。3种土壤As含量均达到无公害食品标准（25 mg· kg^-1）和绿色食品标准（20 mg·kg^-1）。多年耕种并没有造成农田表层土壤As积累。农田灌溉用河水中未检出As。生产中使用的22种农药、肥料均检测到As,其中15种杀虫剂、杀真菌剂、除草剂、植物激素等,每年输入土壤As 4513.59 mg·hm^-2;7种肥料每年输入土壤As 258015.24 mg·hm^-2。施肥是土壤中As输入的重要来源,最主要的输入源是磷酸二铵,占到50％;其次为复合肥、鸡粪和有机肥。每年随作物输出As总量为4380 mg·hm^-2。模拟田间灌溉,进行土壤柱淋漓试验,农田20 cm表层土壤每年随灌溉淋漓输出As为245230.65 mg·hm^-2,这与随着肥料、农药输入量几乎相等。表层土壤As处在一个输入、输出相对稳定的动态平衡状态。从土壤中输出的As,随灌溉水输入到水系统中,继而造成水系统As的积累,最终将影响到地区农业的可持续发展。     

农田土壤氮素渗漏淋失研究进展

对农田土壤氮素淋失的相关研究进行综述和总结是研究农业面源氮素污染的一个至关重要的前提。本文从土壤氮素渗漏淋失形态和迁移机理、氮素渗漏淋失的研究方法和影响土壤氮素渗漏淋失的因素三方面进行了详细的分析介绍,概述了近年来国内外农田氮素渗漏淋失的研究进展和研究成果,并在此基础上展望了未来氮素淋失研究工作的重点。研究结论对农田土壤的水肥管理措施及浅层地下水硝氮污染的减缓有一定的理论和借鉴意义     

生物炭与氮肥复施对镉污染水稻土修复效应及机制

重金属镉(Cd)污染已严重影响土壤健康,威胁农产品生产安全利用.因此采用盆栽试验,以Cd污染水稻土为供试土壤,研究生物炭(BC)、不同氮肥施用水平2.6 g·pot^-1(N1)、 3.5 g·pot^-1(N2)、 4.4 g·pot^-1(N3)和生物炭配施氮肥(BCN1、 BCN2、 BCN3)对土壤Cd形态、水稻体内Cd富集和转运以及土壤酶活性的影响,并通过高通量测序分析土壤微生物菌群变化和微生物间复杂的相互作用关系.结果表明,生物炭配施氮肥处理下土壤Cd由活性较高的可交换态向活性低的残渣态转化,可交换态Cd含量较对照降低了6.2%～14.7%,残渣态Cd含量提高了18.6%～26.4%.单一氮肥处理增强了水稻根部Cd的富集能力,提高了22%～33.5%,单一生物炭和配施氮肥处理下水稻根部Cd的富集能力、 Cd从茎叶向稻壳和稻壳向稻米的转运系数均下降.BCN处理总体上促进了土壤酶活性(脲酶、酸性磷酸酶、蔗糖酶和过氧化氢酶),MiSeq测序显示生物炭配施氮肥提高了土壤细菌主要物种相对丰度(如Acidobacteriale...     

秸秆粉碎还田与化肥配施对冬小麦棵间蒸发的影响

采用微型蒸渗仪测定了冬小麦农田的棵间蒸发量,分析了秸秆粉碎还田与化肥配施和常规施肥两种措施下不同品种冬小麦生育期棵间蒸发量的差异。结果表明:秸秆粉碎还田与化肥配施对棵间蒸发有一定的影响,在各个生育期差异程度有所不同;两种肥料措施的逐日棵间蒸发量规律基本一致;秸秆粉碎还田与化肥配施对棵间蒸发的抑制效果明显,抑制蒸发率在8.02%~11.60%之间,可以使12 mm左右的土壤水分由无效耗水转化为作物蒸腾水;不同品种间的棵间蒸发量差异很小。     

Organic matter composition in sediments of the Oman Margin

The quantity and biochemical composition of organic matter (OM) in the sediments underlying and below oxygen minimum zone (OMZ) in the Arabian Sea were studied to provide information on the diagenetic processes of organic carbon under different environmental conditions. Concentrations of total organic carbon (TOC), total nitrogen (TN) and total hydrolysable amino acids (THAA) were significantly higher in sediments within rather than below OMZ, while those of total carbohydrates (TCHO) were slightly lower in the latter, suggesting the presence of a larger supply of labile compounds into the sea bottom at the shallower site (i.e. within OMZ). Hydrolysable amino acid and carbohydrate contribution to TOC were even lower (about 10% in surficial sediments) than the values obtained from the abyssal oligotrophic North Pacific, suggesting that OM food availability in the Oman Margin sediments within OMZ was lower than that observed at abyssal depths. The presence of the highest THAA and TCHO concentrations in the top 40?mm of the sediment core at both sites reflected the presence of bioturbation processes. In contrast with the general view of the deep sea as a stable and constant system, below OMZ in the Arabian Sea sediments, some differences were observed in the two investigated cores indicating the presence of a certain spatial variability in OM content and diagenesis.     

Removal of nitrogen and phosphorus from textile wastewater by soilless culture of Lolium multiflorum

A technique of soilless culture for removal of total nitrogen (TN) and total phosphorus (TP) from textile wastewater using Lolium multiflorum was conducted in this research. The TN concentration decreased from 50.72 mg/L to 24.64–27.89 mg/L and TP decreased from 6.9 mg/L to 3.7–4.1 mg/L in the experimental tank with the size of 4.7 m x 1.2 m x 0.75 m. The results suggested that L. multiflorum could absorb a large amount of N and P elements from the wastewater. This technique of soilless culture has many advantages such as simple equipment, low cost, easy operation, low energy consumption, convenient management and flexible disposition.     

华北平原冬小麦季化肥氮去向及土壤氮库盈亏定量化探索

为提高华北平原冬小麦种植体系的氮肥利用率、减少氮肥对环境的污染,本研究对前人的试验数据进行整理核算,分析肥料氮、作物氮和土壤氮三者之间的关系,探索冬小麦季化肥氮的去向及土壤氮库的盈亏情况.结果表明:华北平原冬小麦当季化肥氮的吸收量随施氮量的增加而升高,对土壤氮素的吸收随施氮量的增加而降低;在秸秆50%还田和100%还田两种情况下,土壤氮库盈亏量与施氮量之间均呈线性极显著正相关,且土壤氮库达到平衡时的施氮量分别是 N 192和166 kg·hm-2;冬小麦对氮肥的吸收利用率推荐施氮远高于传统施氮,过量施氮不仅不会提高作物产量,还会降低氮肥利用率,增加土壤残留和损失;3种秸秆处理方式下的冬小麦氮肥各去向绝对量与施氮量(N 75~375 kg·hm-2)之间均呈显著线性相关关系,秸秆不还田条件下的地上部吸收率、秸秆吸收率和秸秆50%还田下的地上部吸收率及秸秆100%还田下的0~100 cm土壤残留率均与施氮量(N 75~375 kg·hm-2)之间呈显著相关关系.     

不同减量施肥条件下稻田田面水氮素动态变化及径流损失研究

采用过量施用化肥获得高产已成为近年来太湖地区的普遍现象,而由此引发的农业面源污染对水体生态环境恶化的贡献值也越来越大。通过对苕溪流域地区的田间试验,研究了8种不同减量施肥处理条件下,稻田田面水中氮素的动态变化特征和径流损失量,研究结果表明,（1）各处理铵氮浓度在施肥后迅速上升,1～3d达到最大值,而总氮在施肥后第1天便达到峰值,之后随时间变化逐渐下降,铵氮、总氮浓度在一周之后均降至较低水平。（2）田面水中铵氮／总氮比在施肥后3～7d达到峰值,之后逐渐下降。（3）田间任何1次的径流排水均会造成田面水氮素的流失,径流排水发生的时间与施肥时间间隔越小氮素的流失负荷就越大。（4）各减量化施肥处理年度累计流失负荷较常规施肥处理下降6％～53％,当季稻田氮素流失率在1．4％～2．6％之间。为减少农田氮肥使用量,降低氮素流失量,减缓农业面源污染提供理论依据。     

Ecological stoichiometric characteristics of carbon,nitrogen, and phosphorus in three forests in the Lüliang Mountainous Area of Shanxi Province北大核心CSCD

Using a standard plot method, the stoichiometry of carbon (C), nitrogen (N), and phosphorus (P) in leaves, litter, and soil (0-20 cm depth) was investigated for three forest types: Populus davidiana, Larix principis-rupprechtii, and Pinus tabuliformis. The results showed that the stoichiometry of C, N, and P of the same component in the three forests were significantly different. The C and N contents in leaves, litter, and soil in P. davidiana forest were higher than those in L. principis-rupprechtii and P. tabuliformis forests were. However, P in the L. principis-rupprechtii forest was higher than that in the P. davidiana forest and P. tabuliformis forests were. The C, N, and P contents of the components in the three forests were, in order, leaves > litter > soil, and the three nutrient contents were significantly higher in leaves and litter than they were in soil. C:N and C:P in the three forests exhibited a trend of litter > leaves > soil, whereas that for N:P was leaves > soil > litter. There were highly significant positive relationships in N:P between the litter and the soil in the P. davidiana forest. Leaf C:N and litter C:P in the L. principis-rupprechtii forest were significantly negatively correlated, whereas N:P in the leaves and soil was positively correlated. There was a significant positive correlation in N:P between the leaves and the soil in the P. tabuliformis forest. In conclusion, the N contents in leaves and soil exhibited a significant positive correlation, whereas there was no significant correlation between C, N, and P in litter or soil. Environmental factors had a large influence on the stoichiometry of C, N, and P in soil. In particular, latitude and altitude had the most significant effects on C, N, P, C:N, and C:P and were significantly p ositively correlated. T hese results provide a scientific basis for f urther studies on nutrient utilization a nd t he cyclic characteristics of different forests in this area. © 2018 Science Press. All rights reserved.