化肥施用与土壤退化

不当的化肥施用将导致土壤发生各种形式的退化，严重威胁着农业的持续发展。治理土壤退化需要采取各种综合性对策和措施，如有机肥与化肥配合施用、平衡施肥、合理科学有效施肥、提高化肥利用率、研制新型化肥和增加高效化肥用量、调整化肥流向等。实践证明，这些措施能改善土壤肥力现状，同时防止发生新的土壤退化现象。     

污泥资源化技术的研究进展

随着城市化进程的加快，城市污水处理量增加，且产生了数量巨大的污泥。如何妥善处理这些污泥已成为世界各国学者共同关注的课题，当今的共识是污泥资源化。综述了近年来污泥消化产沼气、污泥处理获取碳源、污泥作肥料及污泥低温热解制油和产氢等污泥资源化技术的研究进展；甄选出比较可行实用的方法，指出了加强污泥资源化技术研究对我国经济持续发展的重要性。     

Modelling nitrogen cycles of farming systems as basis of site- and farm-specific nitrogen management

The paper describes a model designed for analysing interrelated nitrogen (N) fluxes in farming systems. It combines the partial N balance, farm gate balance, barn balance and soil surface balance, in order to analyse all relevant N fluxes between the subsystems soil–plant–animal–environment and to reflect conclusive and consistent management systems. Such a system approach allows identifying the causes of varying N surplus and N utilisation.The REPRO model has been applied in the experimental farm Scheyern in southern Germany, which had been subdivided into an organic (org) and a conventional (con) farming system in 1992. Detailed series of long-term measuring data are available for the experimental farm, which have been used for evaluating the software for its efficiency and applicability under very different management, yet nearly equal site conditions.The organic farm is multi-structured with a legume-based crop rotation (N₂ fixation: 83 kg ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹). The livestock density is 1.4 LSU ha⁻¹. The farm is oriented on closed mass cycles.The conventional farm is a simple-structured cash crop system based on mineral N (N input 145 kg ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹). Averaging the years 1999–2002, the organic crop rotation reached, with regard to the harvested products, about 81% (6.9 Mg ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹) of the DM yield and about 93% (140 kg ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹) of the N removal of the conventional rotation. Related to the cropped area, the N surplus calculated for the organic rotation was 38 kg ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹ versus 44 kg ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹ for the conventional rotation. The N utilisation reached 0.77 (org) and 0.79 (con), respectively. The different structure of the farms favoured an enhancement of the soil organic nitrogen stock (35 kg ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹) in the organic crop rotation and caused a decline in the conventional system (−24 kg ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹). Taking account of these changes, which were substantiated by measurements, N surplus in the organic rotation decreased to 3 kg ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹, while it increased to 68 kg ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹ in the conventional system. The adjusted N utilisation value amounted to 0.98 (org) and 0.69 (con), respectively.     

Mercury in some chemical fertilizers and the effect of calcium superphosphate on mercury uptake by corn seedlings(Zea mays L.)

Mercury (Hg) contents in ten chemical fertilizers were determined, and the effect of calcium superphosphate (CSP) on the uptake and translocation of Hg in corn seedlings was investigated by pot experiments. CSP was applied at the levels of 0, 66.7, and 133.4 mg P2O5/kg to Hg-treated (2 mg/kg) and untreated soils. CSP had the highest Hg content (5.1 mg/kg), followed by the NPK compound fertilizer 15-5-5 (15% N, 5% P2O5, 5% K2O) (1.2 mg/kg), then by nitrogen fertilizers (except for ammonia sulfate) and potassium fertilizers. Application of CSP did not obviously iuence the biomass of corn roots, but it significantly increased the biomass of corn shoots in Hg-treated soil. Application of CSP at the levels of 66.7 and 133.4 mg P2O5/kg did not obviously iuence the uptake of Hg by corn seedlings on soils without Hg treatment, but it decreased the Hg uptake of corn seedlings significantly on Hg-treated soils. The transfer coefficient of Hg in corn seedlings improved slightly on soils without Hg treatment, but decreased slightly on Hg-treated soils with the application of CSP. These results implied that CSP could ameliorate Hg toxicity to corn seedlings by inhibiting the uptake and the translocation of Hg in plants on Hg-polluted soils.     

豆秸杆作生态厕所基质的可行性研究

采用S-15型生态厕所为试验装置,以粉碎的豆秸杆颗粒作为反应基质,对人粪便进行了好氧堆肥的减量化和营养元素含量变化的实验研究,以确定豆秸杆是否具有良好的处理效果。试验中检测了pH值、有机质和氮、磷、钾、等指标变化。结果表明,以豆秸杆作为生态厕所基质具有较好的处理效果,每周混合物干重降解率平均为37.49%,混合物干重累积降解率达95.23%,终产物pH值为7.2,有机物总量71.02%,氮、磷、钾含量分别为3.72%、1.53%和4.71%,反应终产物可作有机肥料回收利用。     

湖泊水体中营养盐控制技术研究进展

营养盐物质是造成湖泊水体富营养化的关键因素,在对湖泊水体营养盐控制技术探讨过程中,分析了营养盐的来源形式,从物理、化学、生物生态学角度分别对营养盐的控制技术进行了论述和思考,并指出了今后湖泊水体中营养盐控制技术发展方向。     

化肥行业中污水处理工程的设计与运行

介绍了化肥行业中污水的处理工艺,利用活性污泥在适宜的环境下（即曝气时）可去除COD,硝化茵可把氨氮氧化为NO2^-、NO3^-,以及在缺氧时（即推流时）反硝化菌可把NO2^-、NO3^-转化为N2,去除污染物,使处理后的污水出水水质达标排放。工程表明：处理后的污水出水水质能够达到《合成氨工业水污染物排放标准》GB13458—2001要求。     

长期施用氮肥对水稻土亚硝酸还原酶基因多样性的影响

以中国科学院桃源农业生态试验站长期定位试验的土壤样品为对象,采用PCR扩增、克隆测序等分子生物学技术,研究长期施氮肥对水稻土亚硝酸还原酶基因nirK、nirS多样性的影响.序列分析结果表明,从水稻土中克隆的系列nirK基因片段与NCBI数据库中未知菌种的nirK基因相似性较高,平均达90.7%;而nirS基因片段与数据库中已知的nirS基因相似度低,平均74.7%.通过Chao1估计值预测,nirK基因在不施肥处理(CK)、施氮肥处理(N)中分别有58±13和49±9个不同的OTUs,而nirS基因在CK处理、N处理中分别有49±10和132±43个不同的OTUs.Chao1预测曲线95%置信区间(95%CIs)显示,氮肥施用显著提高了nirS基因的多样性,而对nirK基因多样性则无显著影响.LIBSHUFF分析比较N、CK处理克隆文库间的差异,结果显示nirK基因处理间群落结构差异p0.022,达到显著水平;而nirS基因处理间的群落结构无显著差异.系统发育分析显示,nirK、nirS基因的系统发育树分别可分为3个及4个大簇.施用氮肥导致nirK、nirS克隆有不同程度的聚集,说明氮肥改变了nirK和nirS基因群落结构,其中氮肥对nirK基因群落结构的影响更大.总体来说,氮肥的施用对水稻土nirK基因群落多样性无显著影响,但明显提高nirS基因群落的多样性;而长期施氮肥使含nirK基因的反硝化菌群落结构发生显著变化,对nirS基因群落结构则无显著影响.     

华北高产粮区夏玉米生命周期环境影响评价

以山东省桓台县夏玉米生产体系为例,应用生命周期评价方法,以单位产量为评价功能单元,把夏玉米生命周期分为原料开采与运输、农资生产与运输、作物种植3个生产阶段,对不同施氮水平下夏玉米生命周期的资源消耗与污染物排放进行了清单分析和影响评价.结果表明,随着施氮量的增加,夏玉米生命周期环境影响呈指数上升趋势,其中,主要影响类型为水资源耗竭,这与农作物需水量较大、水分生产率较低有关.在低氮量条件下,主要污染影响类型是全球变暖,随着施氮量的增加,富营养化上升为主要污染影响类型.提高作物种植阶段水肥利用效率是控制夏玉米生命周期环境影响的关键,它可减少夏玉米对水资源和氮肥的需求,从而直接减少农田氮素损失污染影响,也间接降低了上游生产环节的资源消耗与污染物排放影响,进而有助于降低夏玉米生命周期环境影响总潜力.     

Atmospheric deposition contributes little nutrient and sediment to stream flow from an agricultural watershed

Atmospheric deposition of nutrients within agricultural watersheds has received scant attention and is poorly understood compared to nutrient transport in surface and subsurface water flow pathways. Thus, we determined the deposition of phosphorus (P), nitrogen (N), and sediment in a mixed land use watershed in south-central Pennsylvania (39.5 ha; 50% corn–wheat–soybean rotation, 20% pasture, and 30% woodland), in comparison with stream loads at several locations along its reach between 2004 and 2006. There was a significant difference in deposition rates among land uses (P < 0.05) with more P and N deposited on cropland (1.93 kg P and 10.71 kg N ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹) than pasture (1.10 kg P and 8.06 kg N ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹) and woodland (0.36 and 2.33 kg N ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹). Although not significant, sediment showed the same trends among land uses. A significant relationship was found between P in deposition and P in soil <10-m away from the samplers suggesting much of the deposited sample was derived from local soil. Samplers adjacent to the stream channel showed deposition rates (1.64 kg P and 8.83 kg N ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹) similar to those on cropland. However, accounting for the surface area of the stream, direct deposition of P, N, and sediment probably accounted for <3% of P and <1% of N and sediment load in stream flow from the watershed (1.41 kg P, 27.09 kg N, and 1343 kg sediment ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹ at the outlet). This suggests that strategies to mitigate nutrient and sediment loss in this mixed-land use watershed should focus on runoff pathways.