Effect of application of phosphate and organic manure-based fertilizers on arsenic transformation in soil columns

The mobility of arsenic in Cambisol under the influence of added barnyard manure and application of a phosphate solution to the soil was described on the basis of column experiments. A soil sample containing 126 mg/kg total As and 3.72 mg/kg specifically-sorbed As was extracted using demineralized water (DIW) or a 28 μmol/l phosphate solution in a column containing untreated soil and in a column with added barnyard fertilizer. The pH, Eh, alkalinity, main components, including DOC, and selected trace elements (Al, Mn, Pb, Cu, Zn, Cd, Cr, Co, Ni, Ba and As) were determined in the extracts. Hydrodynamic tests of the flow and transport of the substances in the columns were carried out. The addition of barnyard manure was manifested in elevated concentrations of the main inorganic components, DOC and Al and a decrease in the Eh value and Mn concentration. Application of a phosphate solution was manifested in a decrease in the NO₃ and SO₄ concentrations, probably as a result of the effect of increased biological fixation. The As concentration in extracts varied from 8.8 to 15.5 μg/l and was not dependent on the composition of the extracting solution or the addition of barnyard fertilizer.     

Treatment of landfill leachate by irrigation of willow coppice - Plant response and treatment efficiency

Landfill leachates usually need to be treated before discharged, and using soil-plant systems for this has gained substantial interest in Sweden and in the UK. A three-year field study was conducted in central Sweden to quantify plant response, treatment efficiency and impact on groundwater quality of landfill leachate irrigation of short-rotation willow coppice (Salix). Two willow varieties were tested and four irrigation regimes in sixteen 400-m² plots. The willow plants did not react negatively, despite very high annual loads of nitrogen (≤2160 kg N/ha), chloride (≤8600 kg Cl/ha) and other elements. Mean annual growth was 1.5, 9.8 and 12.6 tonnes DM/ha during years 1-3. For one of two willow varieties tested, relative leaf length accurately predicted growth rate. Irrigation resulted in elevated groundwater concentrations of all elements applied. Treatment efficiency varied considerably for different elements, but was adequate when moderate loads were applied.     

Estimation of Nitrogen and Phosphorus in Effluent from the Striped Catfish Farming Sector in the Mekong Delta,Vietnam

In this study an attempt is made to estimate nitrogen and phosphorus discharged to the environment from the striped catfish (Pangasianodon hypophthalmus) farming sector in the Mekong Delta (8°33′–10°55′N, 104°30′–106°50′E), South Vietnam. The sector accounted for 687,000 t production in 2007 and 1,094,879 t in 2008, with over 95% of the produce destined for export to over 100 countries. Commercial and farm-made feeds are used in catfish farming, currently the former being more predominant. Nitrogen discharge levels were similar for commercial feeds (median 46.0 kg/t fish) and farm-made feeds (median 46.8 kg/t fish); whilst, phosphorus discharge levels for commercial feeds (median 14.4 kg/t fish) were considerably lower than for farm-made feeds (median 18.4 kg/t fish). Based on the median nutrient discharge levels for commercial feeds, striped catfish production in the Mekong Delta discharged 31,602 t N and 9,893 t P, and 50,364 t N and 15,766 t P in 2007 and 2008, respectively. However, the amount of nutrients returned directly to the Mekong River may be substantially less than this as a significant proportion of the water used for catfish farming as well as the sludge is diverted to other agricultural farming systems. Striped catfish farming in the Mekong Delta compared favourably with other cultured species, irrespective of the type of feed used, when the total amounts of N and P discharged in the production of a tonne of production was estimated.     

简论废气氮氧化物(NO_X)浓度单位PPm与mg/m~3的换算系数关系

空气中污染物浓度的表示方法有两种,体积浓度表示法(ppm)与质量浓度表示法(mg/m3)。氮氧化物不是单一的化合物,存在多种化合物。因此目前对氮氧化物(NOX)单位换算不清,造成浓度结果计算错误。本文对这一问题作一简介。     

Ozone, nitric acid, and ammonia air pollution is unhealthy for people and ecosystems in southern Sierra Nevada, California

Two-week average concentrations of ozone (O₃), nitric acid vapor (HNO₃) and ammonia (NH₃) were measured with passive samplers during the 2002 summer season across the central Sierra Nevada Mountains, California, along the San Joaquin River drainage. Elevated concentrations of the pollutants were determined with seasonal means for individual sites ranging between 62 and 88 ppb for O₃, 1.0-3.8 μg m⁻³ for HNO₃, and 2.6-5.2 μg m⁻³ for NH₃. Calculated O₃ exposure indices were very high, reaching SUM00-191 ppm h, SUM60-151 ppm h, and W126-124 ppm h. Calculated nitrogen (N) dry deposition ranged from 1.4 to 15 kg N ha⁻¹ for maximum values, and 0.4-8 kg N ha⁻¹ for minimum values; potentially exceeding Critical Loads (CL) for nutritional N. The U.S., California, and European 8 h O₃ human health standards were exceeded during 104, 108, and 114 days respectively, indicating high risk to humans from ambient O₃.     

Characteristics and significance of liquid effluent from woodchip corrals in Scotland

Woodchip corrals are increasingly used as cost effective means of over-wintering livestock in temperate regions but there is little information on their potential environmental impact. Four woodchip corrals of varying characteristics were instrumented to capture and quantify the flows reaching the base, where pollutant fluxes may move either vertically to groundwater, or laterally to a water course. Samples for chemical analysis were collected daily by auto-sampler. Samples for bacterial analysis were aseptically hand-sampled. Sampling frequency was increased during high flow events and sampling was conducted over a 12-month period. Microbiological samples were analysed for total coliform (TC), presumptive Escherichia coli (EC) and intestinal enterococci (IE). Leachate was also analysed for total phosphorus, phosphate, total nitrogen, ammonium, total oxidised nitrogen, nitrite and nitrate. Each corral had a recording rain gauge sited within 10 m of the corral surface. Mean total nitrogen concentration in leachate was 339.5 mg l(-1), of which ammoniacal-N comprised approximately 57%. Mean total phosphorus concentration was 94.7 mg l(-1). Geometric mean concentrations of TC, EC and IE were 95,461, 94,983 and 55,552 cfu100 ml(-1), respectively. Significant flows of leachate occurred at the base of the corrals on most days during the 1-year sampling period and flow rate increased with stocking density. Strong positive linear relationships were found between the concentrations of the nutrient parameters and discharge. Strong positive curvilinear relations were found between faecal indicator concentrations and discharge. Different relationships were observed in the stocked and unstocked corrals. The resulting fluxes are sufficient to give concern and to indicate that corral development is worthy of regulatory attention.     

Farmyards, an overlooked source for highly contaminated runoff

Summer sampling of storm runoff generated from areas of roofs and hardstanding situated on four dairy/beef farms has provided novel information regarding its microbiological and chemical quality. All farm hardstandings generated runoff that was contaminated with respect to those pollutants (faecal coliforms, FC, and faecal streptococci, FS, major nutrients, organic carbon) that are ubiquitously associated with faecal matter and urine. The separate analysis of roof runoff indicated that these can contribute significant concentrations of FS, phosphorus (P) and potentially toxic elements such as zinc (Zn), and suggests a level of 'background' contamination originating from wash-off of bird droppings and in the case of Zn galvanised surfaces. On average hardstanding runoff showed enhanced concentrations of >4 orders of magnitude for FC and 2-3 for major nutrients and carbon relative to roof runoff. Organic forms of nitrogen (N) and P contributed significantly (averaging >40%) to the total dissolved fraction in both roof and hardstanding runoff. Part of the substantial variability in composition of runoff samples could be attributed to differences between farms as well as the timing of sample collection during individual storms. Where situations allowed, a comparison of water upstream and downstream of the farmyard demonstrated they acted as a source of multiple contaminants not only during hydrologically active storm events but also during dry periods. Contamination pathways included a combination of both point (e.g., septic overflows) and non-point (e.g., seepage from livestock housing) sources. Farmyards situated within intensive livestock farming areas such as SW Scotland, would be expected to have significant local and accumulated downstream impacts on the aquatic environment. Localised impacts would be particularly important for headwaters and low order streams.     

磷肥种类对李氏禾富集铜、铬的影响及其生理响应

植物修复是现下环境和生态领域研究的热门话题.环境中的铜、铬等重金属复合污染问题越发严重,在水环境修复和治理的方法中,植物修复技术的优越性越发显著.该文旨在加深磷对李氏禾累积重金属铜和铬复合污染的认识.施磷是一种重要的农艺措施,其在提高植物修复复合污染水体效率方面的效果不容忽视.该实验研究李氏禾(Leersia Hexa...     

不同污泥肥料对水稻和大豆的肥效实验研究

为探讨城市生活污泥农用效果,以莆田市城市生活污水处理厂的鲜污泥为材料,制成干污泥、有机肥及生物肥等3种不同有机肥料品种,将这3种肥料在水稻、大豆上进行肥效盆栽试验,测定作物产量,并分析不同施肥处理其土壤N、P、K养分供应能力及作物对N、P、K养分的吸收情况.试验结果表明,污泥作为肥料施用能提高土壤速效N、P、K养分供应水平和水稻、大豆对N、P、K的吸收量,并且有明显的增产效果;3种污泥肥料品种的供肥能力从高到低的顺序为生物肥、有机肥、干污泥;并就污泥农用资源化提出看法.     

基施硅肥对土壤镉生物有效性及水稻镉累积效应的影响

为研究硅肥对土壤Cd生物有效性以及水稻累积重金属Cd的影响,模拟土壤低Cd污染水平(Cd总量为0.72mg·kg~(-1))和土壤高Cd污染水平下(Cd总量为5.08 mg·kg~(-1)),土壤基施0、15、30、60 mg·kg~(-1)的硅肥,进行水稻盆栽种植实验.结果表明,施用15~60 mg·kg~(-1)硅肥能提升水稻各生育期土壤的pH值,降低土壤交换态Cd含量和TCLP提取态Cd含量24.2%~43.7%,12.7%~46.8%,土壤中Si能与Cd形成Si-Cd复合物,降低土壤Cd的生物有效性,且降低效果在土壤低Cd污染水平时优于高Cd污染水平.硅肥提升水稻地上部的生物量尤其是产量.土壤低Cd污染水平下,Si对土壤Cd向水稻地上部的转运有促进和阻碍两种作用,施用量过低(Si 15 mg·kg~(-1))或过高(Si 60 mg·kg~(-1))时均促进土壤Cd向水稻地上部转运,施用量为30 mg·kg~(-1)时则阻碍Cd向上转运.随着Si施用量的增大,糙米Cd含量先上升后下降,范围为0.07~0.15 mg·kg~(-1),均低于0.2 mg·kg~(-1).土壤高Cd污染水平下,Si阻碍Cd向水稻地上部的转运,糙米、谷壳、茎叶的Cd含量分别降低38.7%~48.5%、35.7%~70.7%、30.9%~40.7%,糙米Cd含量范围0.23~0.28 mg·kg~(-1).综合考虑产量和糙米Cd含量,土壤低Cd污染水平下,建议施用30 mg·kg~(-1)的Si;高Cd污染水平下,建议施用Si 15~60 mg·kg~(-1).