钝化剂与肥料对油菜和孔雀草间作体系的影响

通过盆栽实验,采用镉(Cd)低积累油菜单作和低积累油菜-超富集植物孔雀草间作两种种植模式,设置施用巯基坡缕石和硫酸钾以及叶面喷施硫酸锰的调控处理,研究不同处理对单作和间作模式下植物生长与Cd累积以及土壤Cd形态的影响.结果表明:施用巯基坡缕石可显著降低油菜和孔雀草地上部Cd含量、油菜Cd累积量、Cd提取率以及土壤有效态...     

氮肥深施及间种白三叶草对茶园N2O排放的影响

近年来我国茶园面积不断扩大,茶园施氮(N)量大、N_2O排放量高,是重要的N_2O排放源,开展茶园的N_2O减排研究十分有必要.本研究在位于我国亚热带丘陵区的典型茶园,通过设置常规施肥、氮肥深施和间种白三叶草这3种处理,观测不同施肥及管理措施下茶园土壤N_2O排放及其相关土壤环境因子动态,旨在明确不同措施对茶园N_2O排放的减排效果,并解析相关影响因子.通过3 a的田间试验表明,亚热带丘陵茶园具有较高的N_2O排放,N_2O-N年累积排放量高达5. 1～10. 1 kg·hm-2.N_2O排放主要发生在春夏季,当土壤温度低于15℃,其排放主要与土壤温度呈正相关;当温度高于15℃,则主要与土壤含水量、土壤NH4+-N和NO3--N含量呈正相关.三年间茶园间种白三叶草较常规施肥未显著影响N_2O排放,肥料深施在降雨量较高年份增加了茶园N_2O排放,间种白三叶草和肥料深施未显著影响茶叶产量.本研究表明,亚热带茶园间种白三叶草减排N_2O的效果不显著,不减少氮肥用量下氮肥深施未能降低N_2O排放,今后有必要研究肥料深施配合氮肥减量来减排N_2O.     

Enrichment of vermicomposts prepared from cow dung spiked solid textile mill sludge using nitrogen fixing and phosphate solubilizing bacteria

Textile mill waste can be vermicomposted if it is mixed in the range of 20–30% with cow dung. This article reports the effect of inoculation, of nitrogen fixing Azotobacter chroococcum strain; Azospirillum brasilense strain and phosphate solubilizing Pseudomonas maltophila, on nitrogen and phosphorus content of vermicomposts prepared from cow dung (CD) and cow dung spiked textile mill sludge (CD + STMS). The CD vermicompost was more supportive to the growth and multiplication of all the three bacteria than CD + STMS vermicompost. In Azotobacter chroococcum treated vermicomposts maximum nitrogen content was recorded between 45 and 60 days [CD␣vermicompost (25.9 ± 0.45 g kg⁻¹) and CD + STMS vermicompost (20.6 ± 0.62 g kg⁻¹)] followed by Azospirillum brasilense inoculation [CD vermicompost (19.4 ± 0.60 g kg⁻¹) and CD + STMS vermicompost (18.6 ± 0.17 g kg⁻¹)]. Phosphorus content in Pseudomonas maltophila inoculated CD vermicompost was 20.8 ± 0.20 g kg⁻¹ and CD + STMS vermicompost was 13.4 ± 0.45 g kg⁻¹ after 75th day of inoculation.     

改良硫酸法制取糠醛联产复合肥新工艺研究

研究了以稻草和麦杆为原料 ,用改良硫酸法制取糠醛的工艺条件 ,结果表明 :用 2 0 %硫酸 (液固为 2 5∶1) ,加入复合添加剂 (Ⅰ )或 (Ⅱ )添加比例为 15 %～ 30 % ,常压 ,10 0℃蒸馏 2h ,出醛率达理论出醛率的 70 %～ 80 % ,废渣全部变为中性复合肥料     

农业固体废物堆肥生产复混肥的工艺试验研究

针对农业固体废物复混肥的生产工艺进行了工厂规模的试验研究,分别测定了物料含水率、有机物含量和无机物含量比例以及粒度对复混肥造粒效果的影响.通过工艺研究,确定出农村固体废物复混肥的最优生产工艺参数范围:原料含水率35%～40%,原料有机-无机比例80%～90%,原料粒度20目.田间种植试验的结果表明:在植株高度、重量以及有机质含量上,施用专用复混肥的作物高于施用化肥的作物,尤其是有机质含量,其差别尤为突出.说明农业固体废物复混肥具有增产增收的作用.     

Role of secondary aerosols in haze formation in summer in the Megacity Beijing

A field experiment from 18 August to 8 September 2006 in Beijing, China, was carried out. A hazy day was defined as visibility < l0 km and RH (relative humidity) < 90%. Four haze episodes, which accounted for ~ 60% of the time during the whole campaign, were characterized by increases of SNA (sulfate, nitrate, and ammonium) and SOA (secondary organic aerosol) concentrations. The average values with standard deviation of SO₄^2 −, NO₃⁻, NH₄⁺ and SOA were 49.8 (± 31.6), 31.4 (± 22.3), 25.8 (± 16.6) and 8.9 (± 4.1) μg/m³, respectively, during the haze episodes, which were 4.3, 3.4, 4.1, and 1.7 times those in the non-haze days. The SO₄^2 −, NO₃⁻, NH₄⁺, and SOA accounted for 15.8%, 8.8%, 7.3%, and 6.0% of the total mass concentration of PM₁₀ during the non-haze days. The respective contributions of SNA species to PM₁₀ rose to about 27.2%, 15.9%, and 13.9% during the haze days, while the contributions of SOA maintained the same level with a slight decrease to about 4.9%. The observed mass concentrations of SNA and SOA increased with the increase of PM₁₀ mass concentration, however, the rate of increase of SNA was much faster than that of the SOA. The SOR (sulfur oxidation ratio) and NOR (nitrogen oxidation ratio) increased from non-haze days to hazy days, and increased with the increase of RH. High concentrations of aerosols and water vapor favored the conversion of SO₂ to SO₄^2 − and NO₂ to NO₃⁻, which accelerated the accumulation of the aerosols and resulted in the formation of haze in Beijing.     

淮河流域粮食生产与化肥消费时空变化及对水环境影响

以淮河流域172 个县为研究单元,基于1990、1995、2000、2005 和2010 年分县粮食、化肥及2010 年水环境数据,采用ESDA模型、重力模型、回归分析和GIS 空间技术方法,分别对流域粮食生产与化肥消费的空间集聚程度及重心进行测定,在此基础上分析了流域粮食生产与化肥消费的动态时空变化规律、耦合关系及其对流域水环境影响。结果表明：①粮食生产与化肥消费的“高-高”和“低-低”集聚区存在显著空间正相关,空间聚集特征明显,“高-高”类型区主要集中分布在流域下游的苏北平原和皖北平原,“低-低”类型区主要集中分布在流域上游的伏牛山、桐柏山和沂蒙等山区;②重心分析表明,20 a 来粮食生产和化肥消费的重心逐步由流域东北向西南方向移动,分别移动了29.51 km和34.97 km,两者重心之间距离呈现近似“W”的“先减后增再减再增”徘徊特点;③流域粮食生产与化肥消费的“高-高”和“低-低”集聚区在流域空间位置上高度耦合,呈现增减协同的时空演进格局,且两者重心时空演变轨迹具有同向性,空间耦合特征显著;④回归分析表明化肥消费是流域水环境污染的主要贡献因子和污染来源,也表明流域粮食生产过程中环境成本较大,呈外部不经济效应。     

钙镁磷肥对土壤Cd生物有效性和糙米Cd含量的影响

通过水稻盆栽试验,研究了施用钙镁磷肥对Cd污染稻田中Ca、Mg、Cd生物有效性的影响和种植水稻(湘晚籼12号、威优46号)后水稻各部位Ca、Mg、Cd含量的差异.结果表明,施用钙镁磷肥能显著提升土壤pH值,降低土壤TCLP提取态Cd含量,且降低效果随着水稻生育期的延长逐渐增强.与对照相比,施用0.8 g·kg-1的钙镁磷肥,使湘晚籼12号种植土壤和威优46号种植土壤TCLP提取态Cd含量在熟化期、灌浆期、分蘖期、成熟期分别下降了12.7%、15.6%、21.5%、61.9%和12.7%、72.6%、42.1%、59.7%.施用钙镁磷肥能显著增加水稻种植土壤中TCLP提取态Ca、Mg含量,降低TCLP提取态Cd含量,同时显著增加水稻各生育期各部位Ca、Mg含量并降低其Cd含量,水稻各部位中Ca、Mg含量与Cd含量均呈现负相关关系,表明外源Ca和Mg的加入对水稻累积Cd产生了拮抗作用.施用钙镁磷肥能显著降低水稻糙米中Cd含量并提高水稻产量.与对照相比,施用0.2~0.8 g·kg-1的钙镁磷肥,水稻湘晚籼12号和威优46号糙米中Cd含量分别下降了36.8%~52.6%和53.3%~75.6%.威优46号比湘晚籼12号更易将土壤Cd向水稻籽粒中转运.     

江汉平原中部浅层地下水中氨氮的有机质来源探究

江汉平原地下水氨氮浓度普遍超标,但是氮污染来源尚不明晰,尤其是对潜在的有机来源氮的认识还很不充分。本研究对江汉平原中部浅层地下水和沉积物中的溶解性有机质（Dissolved organic matter,DOM）荧光组分与氨氮关系进行了调查研究,并对沉积物的氮形态进行分析,探讨了沉积物中有机质向氨氮的潜在转化过程。研究表明研究区内浅层地下水中广泛分布溶解性有机碳与NH₄⁺,并且两者浓度呈现正相关关系（R²=0.42,p<0.01）,该区域地下水呈现强还原环境有利于DOC与NH₄⁺的赋存。DOM荧光光谱谱图的平行因子分析（Parallel factor analysis,PARAFAC）结果表明：地下水与沉积物中DOM均含有类氨基酸与类富里酸组分。有机质组分荧光强度与氨氮浓度相关性结果表明：沉积物DOM中类富里酸和类氨基酸组分与氨氮均呈现强正相关性（R²=0.92~0.96,p<0.01）;地下水中DOM类富里酸组分与氨氮呈现较强的正相关性（R²=0.62~0.66,p<0.01）,而类氨基酸组分与氨氮的正相关性不明显。地下水中相较沉积物中,DOM的类富里酸和类氨基酸组分与氨氮相关性减弱,这种变化可能指示了类富里酸稳定赋存在含水层,而类氨基酸更容易分解消耗。沉积物中凯氏氮占总氮的87.04%~93.51%,表明沉积物中的氮主要为可以转变为NH₄⁺的有机氮形态,因而满足了地下水中的NH₄⁺由沉积物有机氮转化产生的必备条件。江汉平原沉积物中有机氮的分解是浅层地下水氨氮的重要来源。     

Occurrence of sulfonamide antimicrobials in private water wells in Washington County, Idaho, USA

Samples from six private wells formerly used as sources for drinking water by the residents of Washington County (Weiser, Idaho) were collected to assess the impact of a nearby confined animal feeding operation (CAFO) on the quality of the local groundwater. All six samples were found contaminated by two veterinary antimicrobials, sulfamethazine (at concentrations from 0.076 to 0.22 μg/l) and sulfadimethoxine (at concentrations from 0.046 to 0.068 μg/l). These groundwater samples also contained elevated concentrations of nitrate and ammonium. Three of the sampled wells have nitrate levels that exceeded the maximum contaminant level set by the US Environmental Protection Agency for drinking water, with nitrate concentration as high as 39.1 mg/l. All but one well showed nitrate, which instead contained ammonium at 1.22 mg/l. Analysis of the nitrate and ammonium in these samples by isotopic ratio mass spectrometry indicated δ¹⁵N characteristic of an animal or human waste source. Results from this study underscore the role of CAFO as an important source of antibiotic contamination of groundwater.