Estimating monthly total nitrogen concentration in streams by using artificial neural network

Artificial Neural Network (ANN) is a flexible and popular tool for predicting the non-linear behavior in the environmental system. Here, the feed-forward ANN model was used to investigate the relationship among the land use, fertilizer, and hydrometerological conditions in 59 river basins over Japan and then applied to estimate the monthly river total nitrogen concentration (TNC). It was shown by the sensitivity analysis, that precipitation, temperature, river discharge, forest area and urban area have high relationships with TNC. The ANN structure having eight inputs and one hidden layer with seven nodes gives the best estimate of TNC. The 1:1 scatter plots of predicted versus measured TNC were closely aligned and provided coefficients of errors of 0.98 and 0.93 for ANNs calibration and validation, respectively. From the results obtained, the ANN model gave satisfactory predictions of stream TNC and appears to be a useful tool for prediction of TNC in Japanese streams. It indicates that the ANN model was able to provide accurate estimates of nitrogen concentration in streams. Its application to such environmental data will encourage further studies on prediction of stream TNC in ungauged rivers and provide a useful tool for water resource and environment managers to obtain a quick preliminary assessment of TNC variations.     

Scaled-up bioconversion of fish waste to liquid fertilizer using a 5 L ribbon-type reactor

A scaled-up conversion process of fish waste to liquid fertilizer was performed in a 5 L ribbon-type reactor. Biodegradation was performed by inoculation of autoclaved fish waste with 5.84 × 10(5) CFU mL(-1) of mixed microorganisms for 96 h. As a result, the pH changed from 6.92 to 5.72, the cell number reached 7.28 × 10(5) CFU mL(-1), and approximately 430 g (28.3%) of fish waste was degraded. Analyses indicated that the 96 h culture of inoculated fish waste possessed comparable fertilizing ability to commercial fertilizers in hydroponic culture with amino acid contents of 6.91 g 100 g(-1). Therefore, the scaled-up production achieved a more satisfactory fish waste degradation rate (3.61 g h(-1)) than the flask-scale production (0.24 g h(-1)). The biodegraded broth of fish waste at room temperature did not undergo putrefaction for 6 months due to the addition of 1% lactate.     

Passive monitoring of nitrogen dioxide in urban air: a case study of Durban metropolis, South Africa

To devise and implement strategies to manage the quality of urban air, a metropolis needs air pollution data on which an air quality management plan can be formulated. Although air pollutants can come from several sources, many reports suggest that nitrogen dioxide from motor vehicle emissions is the major contributor to air pollution in cities. Since vehicles stop or move slowly through traffic intersections, concentrations of nitrogen dioxide (NO(2)) are expected to be relatively high at these sites. Inexpensive Ogawa passive samplers were placed at selected traffic intersections in the Durban Metropolis to trap the NO(2) which was then analysed by a sensitive laboratory-based method. The data obtained by this method was compared with data from sophisticated system comprising an active sampler cum on-line chemiluminescence detector. The sampling was done over a twelve month period to cover all seasons. Statistical analysis of the data showed that there was no significant difference between the means for the two methods. This study has established that an Ogawa passive sampler may be used as an economical and reliable collector for NO(2) in ambient air under varying climatic conditions. Further, the analysis method using a UV-Visible spectrophotometer was sensitive enough to detect NO(2) at the 10-20 ppb level. The cost of the method should be well within the budgets of most municipalities and it would motivate them to develop policies to alleviate traffic congestion.     

基于农户经济和环境“双优”目标的粮食主产区化肥施用优化模拟分析——以邯郸地区小麦生产为例

我国目前面临着粮食供求紧平衡和化肥过量施用导致农业面源污染的严峻挑战。利用河北邯郸地区1026户小麦种植农户的调研数据,构建经济理性与环境可持续双目标下的农户化肥施用模型,并进行优化模拟分析,旨在探讨应该如何优化粮食主产区农户的化肥施用行为,以实现经济与环境的“双优”目标。结果表明：农户对化肥的认知和化肥价格是实现“双优”目标的关键因素。现阶段农户过高估计了化肥投入对粮食增产的效果,农户的预期化肥产出弹性显著高于化肥实际产出弹性,化肥使用效率偏低;当前粮食主产区化肥价格是模拟优化分析结果中最优化肥价格的一半左右,较低的化肥施用成本促使农户倾向高化肥投入以实现粮食增产。基于研究结果,提出了矫正农户施肥认知偏差、科学高效施肥和适当提高化肥价格水平、优化化肥使用结构等政策建议。     

施硅方式对稻米镉阻隔潜力研究

选取重金属复合污染荒田土壤,采用室外水稻盆栽试验的方法,设计了4个施硅措施:不施用硅肥(CK)、基施硅肥(Tsi)、喷施叶面硅肥(Ysi)和2种硅肥配施(Tsi+Ysi),研究了硅肥不同施肥方式对杂交晚稻(丰源优299)5个生育期内各部位中Cd的含量、器官间转运系数以及对水稻成熟期生物量的影响.结果表明,与CK处理相比,硅肥施肥处理组都能显著降低水稻籽粒中Cd的含量且不会明显影响水稻产量,其中以2种硅肥配施对籽粒的降Cd效果最佳,分别使谷壳、糙米和精米降Cd幅度达到62.59%、58.33%和65.83%,基施硅肥处理和喷施叶面硅肥处理的降Cd潜力次之.因此,研究结果表明无论是基施硅肥还是喷施叶面硅肥都能作为一种很有潜力的稻米Cd污染控制技术.     

太原市汾河景区浮游藻类细胞密度对氮磷的影响

为了研究太原汾河景区的水质状况并为其水质保护和水华暴发预警及防治提供依据,2012年6月至10月,对该区域8个采样点的浮游藻类细胞密度、氨氮、总氮和总磷及它们之间的关系进行了调查分析。结果表明,多数样点总氮超标,总磷相对稳定,均不超标,氮磷比变化较明显,多数采样点以7月份的细胞密度较高,下游端较上游端浮游藻类生长旺盛,污染情况也较为严重。多数采样点浮游藻类细胞密度与总氮和氮磷比呈负相关,与总磷呈正相关。     

污水生物脱氮过程中N_2O的释放途径和影响因素

为了更好地理解和掌握污水处理过程中N 2O的释放规律,结合近年来已经发表的研究结果,就传统的污水生物脱氮过程(全程硝化反硝化过程)和新型污水生物脱氮过程(同步硝化反硝化、短程硝化反硝化和厌氧氨氧化)中N2O的释放途径以及影响因素进行了综述。通过综述发现,硝化和反硝化过程均有可能导致N2O的释放,且硝化过程更易产生N2O;与传统的脱氮过程相比,同步硝化反硝化等新型脱氮过程产生N2O的概率更大;影响N2O释放的因素主要有DO浓度、NO-2浓度、进水氨氮负荷、SRT和COD/N等运行工况和细菌种类及其活性。最后,展望了该领域的研究方向。     

餐饮废水发酵生产微生物菌肥及其应用的研究

以学校食堂餐饮废水为原料,通过发酵培养获得粘红酵母和地衣芽孢杆菌菌液,按照不同比例混合菌液制备微生物液体菌肥,在盆栽小油菜种植中检测其应用效果。利用餐饮废水发酵所得粘红酵母和地衣芽孢杆菌菌液pH为5.5~7.5,未检出杂菌且有效活菌数高于80亿/m L,N、P、K总养分大于4.6%,以体积比为4∶1混合施用于盆栽小油菜,其鲜重、叶绿素含量和过氧化氢酶活性与对照组相比分别提高了33.4%、34.1%和8.2%。     

Coupled effects of methane monooxygenase and nitrogen source on growth and poly-β-hydroxybutyrate (PHB) production of Methylosinus trichosporium OB3b

The coupled effects of nitrogen source and methane monooxygenase(MMO) on the growth and poly-β-hydroxybutyrate(PHB) accumulation capacity of methanotrophs were explored.The ammonia-supplied methanotrophs expressing soluble MMO(s MMO) grew at the highest rate, while N_2-fixing bacteria expressing particulate MMO(p MMO) grew at the lowest rate. Further study showed that more hydroxylamine and nitrite was formed by ammonia-supplied bacteria containing p MMO, which might cause their slightly lower growth rate. The highest PHB content(51.0%) was obtained under nitrogen-limiting conditions with the inoculation of nitrate-supplied bacteria containing p MMO. Ammoniasupplied bacteria also accumulated a higher content of PHB(45.2%) with the expression of p MMO, while N_2-fixing bacteria containing p MMO only showed low PHB production capacity(32.1%). The maximal PHB contents of bacteria expressing s MMO were low, with no significant change under different nitrogen source conditions. The low MMO activity,low cell growth rate and low PHB production capacity of methanotrophs continuously cultivated with N_2 with the expression of p MMO were greatly improved in the cyclic NO_3-N_2 cultivation regime, indicating that long-term deficiency of nitrogen sources was detrimental to the activity of methanotrophs expressing p MMO.     

MBR在废水处理中的应用及生物强化研究进展

针对日益严苛的废水排放标准,必须提高废水处理工艺脱氮除磷和对难降解有机物的去除性能。膜生物反应器(MBR)作为膜分离与生物技术有机结合的污水处理技术,具有系统处理效果好、容积负荷高、占地面积小,节省空间等优点。文章梳理了MBR在废水脱氮除磷及难降解有机物处理等方面的应用情况,介绍了MBR各种生物强化技术研究现状,为新型MBR技术的开发提供了支持。