应用生态系统模型研究淀山湖富营养化控制方案

由于淀山湖上游污染负荷以及周边污水的排放,淀山湖已经严重富营养化。通过建立淀山湖生态系统模型,基于大量现场实测数据,对生态系统模型进行率定和验证,并利用生态系统模型对淀山湖N,P营养盐时间变化规律和藻类生长演替进行了系统研究,对各污染负荷削减的富营养化控制方案的效果进行模拟。模拟结果显示:该生态模型较好地模拟了常规水质和藻类的动态变化;淀山湖污染负荷主要来自于上游负荷,削减上游负荷对水质改善效果明显好于其他污染源削减方案;削减上游负荷95%以上,才能有效抑制蓝藻水华;P对蓝藻生长的控制效果好于控制氮。     

生物炭对土壤氮素淋失的抑制作用

淋洗作用是土壤氮肥损失途径之一,也是环境水体氮素污染的重要途径。研发降低土壤氮素淋失的技术途径不仅有助于提高氮肥利用率和降低化肥的施用量,而且有助于防治水体污染和改善生态环境。本文通过淋滤实验研究了生物炭对我国两种重要土壤类型黒钙土和紫色土氮素淋失的影响。由玉米秸秆制成的生物炭按10 t/ha,50 t/ha,100 t/ha的比例施用于土壤,同时模拟田间尿素施用量240 kg.N/ha并用相当于每天10 mm的降水量用去离子水淋洗土壤。对淋滤液氮素组成和含量分析结果显示,在不施用生物炭的条件下,黒钙土和紫色土总氮的淋失量分别占土壤(土壤+尿素)总氮含量的7.5%和9.0%,氮素的淋失主要发生在前130 mm降水过程中,其淋失量占全部淋失量的96%。在淋失的成分中,除硝态氮外,有机氮也是重要的组成物质,二者均占淋失总氮量的48%。生物炭的施用可以大幅度地降低氮素的淋失作用。50 t/ha和100t/ha的生物炭施用量降低黑钙土氮素淋失分别为29%和74%,减少紫色土氮素淋失分别达41%和78%。但10 t/ha的生物炭施用量却增加黒钙土和紫色土氮素淋失量分别达到22%和2%。这表明较低的生物炭施用量会促进氮素的淋失。生物炭对有机氮淋失的抑制作用大于硝态氮。100 t/ha的生物炭施用量对有机氮和硝态氮淋失的降低率分别为88%和62%左右,因土壤类型不同而有所差异。上述研究结果为寻求防治土壤氮素淋失的技术方法提供了理论依据。     

加拿大污泥资源化利用和工程实践对中国的借鉴

以埃德蒙顿市为例,介绍了加拿大污泥资源化利用的主要模式及工程实践;并在此基础上着重介绍其污泥堆肥技术和从污泥液体中提取营养元素制取绿色缓释肥料Crystal Green的新工艺,旨在为国内城市污水处理厂污泥的回收利用提供借鉴。中国是一个以农业为主的发展中大国,污泥处理应当以堆肥、土地利用和资源化为主。管理上,需要规范中国的污泥处置工作,逐步提高资源化利用率;技术上,应重视城市污水污泥厌氧处理新工艺的开发,综合利用引进、消化吸收加拿大等发达国家的污泥堆肥一体化技术。     

低温等离子体治理柴油机尾气污染的研究进展

柴油发动机以其良好的燃油经济性和动力学特性得到广泛应用,但是其尾气排放中的氮氧化物有害气体和难以分解的微粒物含量较多,造成了严重环境污染。目前,研究开发中的柴油机尾气后处理技术,如还原催化转化、氧化催化转化和微粒捕集等,存在催化剂价格昂贵、催化活性低、有效温度范围小和捕集器保持清洁状态困难等不足。国内外大量的研究结果证明,基于气体放电的低温等离子体技术能有效降低柴油机尾气污染物排放,且无二次污染。本文通过低温等离子体的产生,柴油机尾气中的氮氧化物和微粒物的净化,综合介绍了低温等离子体净化柴油机尾气技术的研究进展,针对当前研究中存在的问题,论述了今后的发展趋势。     

Review of greenhouse gas emissions from crop production systems and fertilizer management effects

Fertilizer nitrogen (N) use is expanding globally to satisfy food, fiber, and fuel demands of a growing world population. Fertilizer consumers are being asked to improve N use efficiency through better management in their fields, to protect water resources and to minimize greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, while sustaining soil resources and providing a healthy economy. A review of the available science on the effects of N source, rate, timing, and placement, in combination with other cropping and tillage practices, on GHG emissions was conducted. Implementation of intensive crop management practices, using principles of ecological intensification to enhance efficient and effective nutrient uptake while achieving high yields, was identified as a principal way to achieve reductions in GHG emissions while meeting production demands. Many studies identified through the review involved measurements of GHG emissions over several weeks to a few months, which greatly limit the ability to accurately determine system-level management effects on net global warming potential. The current science indicates: (1) appropriate fertilizer N use helps increase biomass production necessary to help restore and maintain soil organic carbon (SOC) levels; (2) best management practices (BMPs) for fertilizer N play a large role in minimizing residual soil nitrate, which helps lower the risk of increased nitrous oxide (N₂O) emissions; (3) tillage practices that reduce soil disturbance and maintain crop residue on the soil surface can increase SOC levels, but usually only if crop productivity is maintained or increased; (4) differences among fertilizer N sources in N₂O emissions depend on site- and weather-specific conditions; and (5) intensive crop management systems do not necessarily increase GHG emissions per unit of crop or food production; they can help spare natural areas from conversion to cropland and allow conversion of selected lands to forests for GHG mitigation, while supplying the world's need for food, fiber, and biofuel. Transfer of the information to fertilizer dealers, crop advisers, farmers, and agricultural and environmental authorities should lead to increased implementation of fertilizer BMPs, and help to reduce confusion over the role of fertilizer N on cropping system emissions of GHGs. Gaps in scientific understanding were identified and will require the collaborative attention of agronomists, soil scientists, ecologists, and environmental authorities in serving the immediate and long-term interests of the human population.     

旱作农业土壤矿质态氮随地表径流迁移特征研究

为了了解旱作农业土壤中氮素随地表径流的流失水平及规律,于野外夏玉米试验田中进行了模拟降雨与自然降雨条件下的对比试验,并通过对水量和水质的同步监测,研究了不同施肥水平下氮素的流失效应.其中,模拟降雨采用的两个降雨强度分别为40和70mm.h-1,3个尿素施肥水平分别为287、431和575kg.hm-2(以N计),每次自然降雨的试验小区布置相同.试验期间,共有20次降雨事件(包括模拟降雨),其中,4次降雨过程中产生了地表径流并有氮素流失.结果表明,次降雨径流过程中硝态氮流失浓度先迅速增大后逐步降低,而铵态氮流失浓度变化平稳,且流失浓度较低.次降雨间氮素流失平均浓度相差较大,尤其体现在硝态氮浓度上更为明显.此外,研究发现,次降雨径流过程地表氮素流失初期效应明显,且受降雨强度影响显著.通过氮素流失水平的计算发现,研究区大于25mm的降雨类型会有明显的地表径流产生及氮素流失.     

ASM3在城市污水处理厂工艺调整中的应用

现今城市污水处理厂氨氮处理能力不强,工艺改进实验需要大量资金投入,为了解决这一问题．结合国际水质协会（IWA）开发推荐的活性污泥模型（ASM3）数学模型来寻找一个最佳的解决方案,以便对污水处理厂工艺优化分析及模拟优化改造。     

北疆低肥力膜下滴灌棉田水肥耦合效应研究

在新疆北疆低肥力地区,以膜下滴灌棉花为对象,设置了水肥双因子的大田试验,研究了水肥配合对作物产量、养分吸收、养分及水分利用效率以及对土壤有效氮、磷的影响。研究表明,在旱薄地上,水肥皆有增产效果,在2种肥料中,氮肥效果更显著,作物产量随氮肥增加而显著增加,而FA效果大小则和氮肥配合、灌水量有密切关系。灌水、施肥之间有明显...     

Acidogenic sludge fermentation to recover soluble organics as the carbon source for denitrification in wastewater treatment: Comparison of sludge types

For biological nitrogen (N) removal from wastewater, a sufficient organic carbon source is requested for denitrification. However, the organic carbon/nitrogen ratio in municipal wastewater is becoming lower in recent years, which increases the demand for the addition of external organic carbon, e.g. methanol, in wastewater treatment. The volatile fatty acids (VFAs) produced by acidogenic fermentation of sewage sludge can be an attractive alternative for methanol. Chemically enhanced primary sedimentation (CEPS) is an effective process that applies chemical coagulants to enhance the removal of organic pollutants and phosphorus from wastewater by sedimentation. In terms of the chemical and biological characteristics, the CEPS sludge is considerably different from the conventional primary and secondary sludge. In the present study, FeCl₃ and PACl (polyaluminum chloride) were used as the coagulants for CEPS treatment of raw sewage. The derived CEPS sludge (Fe-sludge and Al-sludge) was then processed with mesophilic acidogenic fermentation to hydrolyse the solid organics and produce VFAs for organic carbon recovery, and the sludge acidogenesis efficiency was compared with that of the conventional primary sludge and secondary sludge. The results showed that the Fe-sludge exhibited the highest hydrolysis and acidogenesis efficiency, while the Al-sludge and secondary sludge had lower hydrolysis efficiency than that of primary sludge. Utilizing the Fe-sludge fermentation liquid as the carbon source for denitrification, more than 99% of nitrate removal was achieved in the main-stream wastewater treatment without any external carbon addition, instead of 35% obtained from the conventional process of primary sedimentation followed by the oxic/anoxic (O/A) treatment.

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基于TROPOMI的扬州市对流层甲醛和二氧化氮时空分布特征分析

以2020年1月—2021年9月对流层观测仪（TROPOMI）卫星观测资料反演获取的对流层甲醛（HCHO）、二氧化氮（NO₂）柱浓度数据为依据,采用统计方法分析了扬州市HCHO和NO₂柱浓度的时空分布特征。结果表明,扬州市对流层HCHO、NO₂平均柱浓度分别为903.01×10¹³, 633.77×10¹³mole/cm²;受太阳紫外辐射影响,HCHO柱浓度变化特征表现为6月最高、1月最低;受气象条件和人为排放强度影响,NO₂则表现为1月最高、8月最低。2021年1—9月扬州市对流层HCHO、NO₂柱浓度月均值同比2020年分别增长4.0%,40.6%。空间分布特征显示,扬州市对流层HCHO和NO₂浓度高值区主要分布在扬州市南部,且浓度高值区域与重点排污企业分布情况较为一致,多为电力供热、工业锅炉、冶金、石化与化工、表面涂层等行业。相关性分析显示,对流层HCHO与气温、臭氧浓度呈显著正相关,而NO₂与气温、臭氧浓度呈显著负相关。