农田固碳措施对温室气体减排影响的研究进展

农田是CO2,CH4和N2O三种温室气体的重要排放源,在全球范围内农业生产活动贡献了约14%的人为温室气体排放量,以及58%的人为非CO2排放,不合理的农田管理措施强化了农田温室气体排放源特征,弱化了农田固碳作用。土壤碳库作为地球生态系统中最活跃的碳库之一,同时也是温室气体的重要源/汇。研究表明通过采取合理的农田管理措施,既可起到增加土壤碳库、减少温室气体排放的目的,又能提高土壤质量。农田土壤碳库除受温度、降水和植被类型的影响外,还在很大程度上受施肥量、肥料类型、秸秆还田量、耕作措施和灌溉等农田管理措施的影响。本文通过总结保护性耕作/免耕,秸秆还田,氮肥管理,水分管理,农学及土地利用变化等农田管理措施,探寻增强农田土壤固碳作用,减少农田温室气体排放的合理途径。农田碳库的稳定/增加,对于保证全球粮食安全与缓解气候变化趋势具有双重的积极意义。在我国许多有关土壤固碳与温室气体排放的研究尚不系统或仅限于短期研究,这也为正确评价各种固碳措施对温室气体排放的影响增加了不确定性。     

田间条件下生物炭与化肥配施对土壤氮磷纵向迁移、结球生菜产量品质及土壤微生物数量的影响

为探讨生物炭对农田化肥面源污染的防控效果,本文以北运河流域(北京段)下游"上壤下砂"、施肥量大、易漏水漏肥菜田为研究对象,分析了田间条件下不同用量生物炭配合化肥底施和施炭基肥对土壤氮磷纵向迁移、结球生菜产量品质及土壤微生物数量的影响.结果表明:与单施化肥(T1)相比,①化肥配施生物炭750 kg·hm-2(T2)、22...     

光电技术在大气氮氧化物检测中的应用

介绍了大气中氮氧化物的组成,综述了激光诱导荧光法、光纤传感法、激光雷达探测法和化学发光法测定大气中氮氧化物的原理和特点,指出光电技术已在大气氮氧化物检测中得到了广泛的应用,并具有良好的发展前景。     

秦巴山区水稻油菜配方施肥效益分析

为了解陕南秦巴山区主要农作物水稻、油菜测土配方施肥实施效果,更好地指导农户科学合理施肥。依据2009~2013年连续5 a测土配方施肥试验中主要农作物水稻、油菜3种不同施肥处理(农民习惯施肥、推荐施肥和不施肥处理)的326个试验数据,同时结合连续2 a调查数据,对陕南秦巴山区主要农作物施肥经济效益评价。结果显示,与农民习惯施肥相比,水稻施肥量为:氮(N)159±32 kg/hm~2,磷(P2O5)79±20 kg/hm~2,钾(K2O)86±26 kg/hm~2;油菜:氮(N)154±25 kg/hm~2,磷(P2O5)77±13 kg/hm~2,钾(K2O)65±21 kg/hm~2条件下作物分别增产703、341 kg/hm~2,增产率分别为8.3%和14.9%,纯收益增加0.12万元/hm~2和0.10万元/hm~2。肥料贡献率分别提高了5.2、7.1个百分点;农学效率每kg分别提高了0.5、0.6 kg。农户习惯施肥中作物产量、纯收益、肥料贡献率并未随肥料投入量的增大而增产增收。     

Sustaining food self-sufficiency of a nation: The case of Sri Lankan rice production and related water and fertilizer demands

Rising human demand and climatic variability have created greater uncertainty regarding global food trade and its effects on the food security of nations. To reduce reliance on imported food, many countries have focused on increasing their domestic food production in recent years. With clear goals for the complete self-sufficiency of rice production, Sri Lanka provides an ideal case study for examining the projected growth in domestic rice supply, how this compares to future national demand, and what the associated impacts from water and fertilizer demands may be. Using national rice statistics and estimates of intensification, this study finds that improvements in rice production can feed 25.3 million Sri Lankans (compared to a projected population of 23.8 million people) by 2050. However, to achieve this growth, consumptive water use and nitrogen fertilizer application may need to increase by as much as 69 and 23 %, respectively. This assessment demonstrates that targets for maintaining self-sufficiency should better incorporate avenues for improving resource use efficiency.

Electronic supplementary material

The online version of this article (doi:10.1007/s13280-015-0720-2) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.     

浅析成都市机动车保有量的增加对大气污染物中二氧化氮浓度的影响

本文利用成都市城区近4年的环境空气二氧化氮浓度资料,结合成都市机动车保有量,分析了成都市机动车保有量的增加对空气中二氧化氮浓度的影响。分析表明,成都市机动车保有量的增加对空气中二氧化氮浓度有明显影响,尤以交通干道附近最为显著,二氧化氮浓度较非交通干线分别偏高12.0%～47.8%,成都市采取的高污染车限行等措施对二氧化氮浓度的控制起了重要作用。     

Responses of CH(4), CO(2) and N(2)O fluxes to increasing nitrogen deposition in alpine grassland of the Tianshan Mountains

To assess the effects of nitrogen (N) deposition on greenhouse gas (GHG) fluxes in alpine grassland of the Tianshan Mountains in central Asia, CH₄, CO₂ and N₂O fluxes were measured from June 2010 to May 2011. Nitrogen deposition tended to significantly increase CH₄ uptake, CO₂ and N₂O emissions at sites receiving N addition compared with those at site without N addition during the growing season, but no significant differences were found for all sites outside the growing season. Air temperature, soil temperature and water content were the important factors that influence CO₂ and N₂O emissions at year-round scale, indicating that increased temperature and precipitation in the future will exert greater impacts on CO₂ and N₂O emissions in the alpine grassland. In addition, plant coverage in July was also positively correlated with CO₂ and N₂O emissions under elevated N deposition rates. The present study will deepen our understanding of N deposition impacts on GHG balance in the alpine grassland ecosystem, and help us assess the global N effects, parameterize Earth System models and inform decision makers.     

A^2/O-MBR组合工艺运行优化与氮磷深度控制的分析

为了遏制水环境不断恶化的趋势,应加强对氮、磷超标的治理工作,促进水生态环境平衡发展。本文采用A^2/O-MBR作为主体工艺,后续辅以化学除磷和以深床滤池为反硝化单元的组合工艺,确保最终出水满足天津市《城镇污水处理厂污染物排放标准》(DB12/599-2015)A标准排放要求。     

Precipitation as the Primary Driver of Variability in River Nitrogen Loads in the Midwest United States

Nitrogen (N) losses from agricultural lands in the Midwest United States are contributing to the expansion of the hypoxic zone in the Gulf of Mexico. This study evaluated the importance of inter‐annual variability in precipitation, land cover, and N fertilizer use on NO₃ + NO₂‐N loads in seven United States Midwestern Rivers using the backward stepwise regression analysis. At the annual scale, fluctuations in the current and previous years’ precipitations explained much of the variation in streamflow, baseflow, and N‐load. Previous years precipitation effects were associated with fillable soil porosity. In some years, higher residual soil N from previous dry years also contributed to an increase in N‐load. Area under soybean production (SOY), a surrogate for replacement of prairies and small grains was generally not a significant explanatory variable. Fertilizer use from 1987 to 2012 was also not a significant explanatory variable in the annual analysis. Precipitation in both the current and previous months and previous year were important in explaining variation in monthly streamflow, baseflow, and N‐load. SOY was significant in one or two months from June to August, but had a higher p‐value than precipitation. We conclude recent increases in river N‐loads are primarily due to wet climate and minimally due to the changes in land cover or N fertilizer use. Under current cropping systems and agronomic N application rates, tile water remediation will be necessary to reduce river N‐loads.