磷高效小麦基因型对不同磷肥效应的研究

温室条件下,利用盆栽试验研究石灰性土壤施用不同类型磷肥对小麦基因型生长发育的影响。结果表明,施用各种磷肥对不同小麦基因型皆有不同的增产效果,且不同磷效率小麦基因型间对磷肥类型的反应存在着明显差异。磷低效基因型与磷高效基因型不仅对水溶性磷肥（磷酸二铵、普钙）的增产效应有显著差异,而且对枸溶性（沉淀磷肥）和难溶性磷肥（磷矿粉）,磷高效基因型的产量也相对较高,如对沉淀磷肥８０－５５的子粒产量为４．８８ｇ     

夏季潮滩对上海老港垃圾填埋场渗滤液氮、磷净化效果研究

垃圾填埋产生的渗滤液造成的环境污染问题El益严重。采用自然湿地对垃圾渗滤液净化有诸多优点,而相关的研究较少。根据渗滤液的不同浓度和不同滞留时间的净化效果不同,采用实验室模拟和培养的方法来研究老港垃圾填埋场附近潮滩对垃圾渗滤液营养盐N、P的净化效果。研究发现：夏季老港中、低潮滩在较短滞留时间（6h）内对各浓度渗滤液中N、P的净化效果不明显,而在较长滞留时间内（96h）中、低潮滩对各浓度渗滤液净化效果明显,净化后污水中N、P含量可达到排放标准;垃圾渗滤液质量分数为5％时,潮滩对N、P的净化效果最为明显。     

粪便与生活垃圾混合堆肥氮转化与腐熟度

采用静态仓强制通风进行粪便和生活垃圾混合堆肥,以玉米秸和石灰为调理剂,考察堆肥过程的氮转化与腐熟度。试验结果表明:堆肥中氮的损失量为26%～49%,堆体高温期持续时间长,导致氮的损失增加。添加石灰使堆肥前期的氮损失率增加,但加快了堆肥过程,总氮的损失没有加大。水溶性氨氮含量在堆肥升温期出现峰值5.61mg/gdw,堆肥结束时氨氮含量小于0.34mg/gdw;堆肥中硝态氮主要在降温期和腐熟期形成,达到1.84～4.05mg/gdw。氨氮和硝态氮之比小于0.16和水溶态有机碳与总氮之比小于1.10,较适合作为粪便与垃圾的混合堆肥腐熟指标。     

Production of bio-fertilizer by biotransformation of poultry waste enriched with molasses and algae

This research work consists on valorizing poultry waste by biotransformation into biofertilizers, associating this agro-industrial waste with algae (abundant natural resources) and molasses (a by-product of the sugar refining industry) ensuring a good contribution of nutritional chemical elements and obtaining a balanced formulation. A total of seven different formulations of the above three components, were examined in a simplex centroid design. A fungal inoculum of Aspergillus niger was used as a fermentation agent for better quality of biotransformation. The monitoring of this biotransformation is ensured during 15 days by following the evolution of physicochemical and microbiological parameters and, to understand the bioconversion of the simple compounds of the biofertilizer mixture such as short aliphatic chains, sugar, and amino acids into soluble mineral compounds, a Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) analysis was carried out before and after biotransformation. Finally, germination and fertilization tests were performed to evaluate the efficiency of the final product on a barley crop. The overall results of the present study showed that the mixture which contained 68.75% poultry waste, 12.5% molasses, and 18.75% algae presented the better microbiological and chemical safety criteria required for a good biofertilizer according to NF U44-551 standard.     

Highly degradable chitosan-montmorillonite (MMT) nanocomposite hydrogel for controlled fertilizer release

● A controlled-release fertilizer was developed based on chitosan biopolymer scaffold. ● Chitosan-MMT scaffold achieved a well-controlled nutrient release. ● Highly water-absorbing chitosan-MMT hydrogels enhanced the soil water retention. ● Physically crosslinked chitosan-MMT hydrogels exhibited excellent degradability. Fertilizer consumption is increasing drastically along with the rapid expansion of farming in response to the ever-growing population. However, a significant portion of the nutrients in traditional fertilizers is lost during leaching and runoff causing economic loss and environmental threats. Polymer-modified controlled-release fertilizers provide an opportunity for mitigating adverse environmental effects and increasing the profitability of crop production. Here, we present a cheap and easy-to-fabricate controlled-release fertilizer excipient based on hydrogels scaffolded by safe and biodegradable chitosan and montmorillonite (MMT) nanoclays. By introducing elastic and flexible physical crosslinking induced by 2-dimensional (2D) MMT nanoflakes into the chitosan hydrogel, highly swellable and degradable chitosan-MMT nanocomposites were fabricated. The addition of MMT into the chitosan hydrogels enhanced the total release of phosphorous (P) and potassium (K), from 22.0 % to 94.9 % and 9.6% to 31.4 %, respectively, compared to the pure chitosan gel. The chitosan-MMT nanocomposite hydrogel achieved a well-controlled overall fertilizer release in soil. A total of 55.3 % of loaded fertilizer was released over 15 d with a daily release of 2.8 %. For the traditional fertilizer podwer, 89.2 % of the fertilizer was washed out during the first irrigation under the same setup. In the meantime, the nanocomposites improved the water retention of the soil, thanks to its excellent water absorbency. Moreover, the chitosan-MMT nanocomposite hydrogels exhibited high degradation of 57 % after swelling in water for 20 d. Such highly degradable fertilizer excipient poses minimal threat to the long-term fertility of the soil. The engineered Chitosan-MMT biopolymer scaffold as a controlled-release fertilizer excipient provides a promising opportunity for advancing sustainable agriculture.     

氮肥厂环境评价中卫生防护距离的确定

在氮肥厂环境评价中,确定卫生防护距离是非常必要的,而相关的研究、介绍却较少.通过实例分析,介绍了氮肥厂卫生防护距离计算方法、原则和步骤,采用地面浓度反推法,计算出污染物的无组织排放量,对其中有关参数进行了取舍,从而确定出卫生防护距离,并提出了现有计算方法的不足和需要改进的方面.     

Assessment and Treatment of Hydrocarbon Inundated Soils Using Inorganic Nutrient (N-P-K) Supplements: II. A Case Study of Eneka Oil Spillage in Niger Delta, Nigeria

Polluted soils from Eneka oil field in the Niger delta region of Nigeria were collected two months after recorded incidence of oil spillage as part of a two-site reclamation programme. The soils were taken on the second day of reconnaissance from three replicate quadrats, at surface (0–15 cm) and subsurface (15–30 cm) depths, using the grid sampling technique. Total extractable hydrocarbon content (THC) of the polluted soils ranged from 1.006×10³–5.540× 10⁴ mg/kg at surface and subsurface depths (no overlap in Standard Errors at 95% Confidence Level). Greenhouse trials for possible reclamation were later carried out using (NH₄)₂SO₄, KH₂PO₄ and KCl (N-P-K) fertilizer as nutrient supplements. Nitrogen as NO₃-N and potassium were optimally enhanced at 2% (w/w) and 3% (w/w) of the N-P-K supplementation respectively. Phosphorus, which was inherently more enhanced in the soils than the other nutrients, maintained same level impact after 20 g treatment with the N-P-K fertilizer. Total organic carbon (%TOC), total organic matter (%TOM), pH and % moisture content all provided evidence of enhanced mineralization in the fertilizer treated soils. If reclamation of the crude oil inundated soils is construed as the return to normal levels of metabolic activities of the soils, then the application of the inorganic fertilizers at such prescribed levels would duly accelerate the remediation process. This would be, however, limited to levels of pollution empirically defined by such THC values obtained in this study. The data on the molecular compositional changes of the total petroleum hydrocarbon content (TPH) of the spilled-oil showed the depletion of the fingerprints of the n-paraffins, nC₈–nC₁₀, and complete disappearance of C₁₂–C₁₇ as well as the acyclic isoprenoid, pristane, all of which provided substantial evidence of degradation.     

有机无机肥配施对超级杂交稻产量构成及植株重金属含量的影响

以超级杂交稻＂Y两优1号＂为供试材料,保持总施氮量不变（180 kg.hm-2）条件下,研究不同比例有机无机肥配施对超级杂交稻产量构成及植株重金属含量的影响。结果表明,由施肥量-产量模型进行模拟,得到有机肥与尿素施入量分别为606.75和288.18 kg.hm-2时,水稻产量最高（10 084.37 kg.hm-2）;有机肥和尿素施用量分别为202.32和353.17 kg.hm-2时,经济效益最佳（产量为9 968.42 kg.hm-2）。不同比例有机无机肥配施对植株镉含量无显著影响。在6个梯度处理中,有机肥和尿素施肥量分别为600和289.27 kg.hm-2处理产量最高,且植株铬含量最低。     

施用尿素和硫酸铵对红壤硝化和酸化作用的影响

通过室内恒温培养试验,研究施用CO(NH2)2和(NH4)2SO4对初始pH值分别为5.14、4.77和4.34的红壤酸化速率和硝化速率的影响。结果表明,施用CO(NH2)2显著增加了3种红壤的硝化速率,从而显著加速土壤酸化。培养结束时,3种红壤pH值较培养过程中最高值分别下降2.14、1.23和0.56。施用(NH4)2SO4抑制了初始pH<5.0的2种红壤的硝化作用,从而显著降低这2种红壤的硝化速率和酸化速率,但显著增加了初始pH>5.0红壤的硝化速率,对其酸化速率则未见显著影响。3种红壤的酸化速率与硝化速率间存在显著线性相关关系。硝化作用是导致农田红壤pH值下降的主要原因之一,但不同氮肥对红壤硝化速率和酸化速率的影响不同。     

衡阳市菜园使用的商品有机肥和有机废弃物中重金属含量状况调查

对衡阳市菜园使用的12个有机肥样品中的Zn、Cu、Cr、Pb、Cd、Ni、Hg和As的指标进行检测,样品中重金属总As、总Hg、总Pb、总Cd、总Cr等的含量按照中国NY525—2012有机肥料重金属限量指标,总Ni、总Cu、总Zn重金属参照德国腐熟堆肥中重金属限量标准进行分析,结果表明,除牛粪、菜籽饼肥外,有9个样品均发现有超限量值的重金属成分,超标样品数占总样品数的75%,超标的重金属成分以Cu和Zn较为普遍,分别占样品总数的75%和41.7%.而在超标程度方面,有两个样品的中的Cu和两个样品中的Cr均为严重超标.这些肥料使用不当,对菜园土和蔬菜品质产生不良影响,应给予关注.