原位形成生物铁锰氧化物对砷(Ⅲ/V)的去除效果与机制

通过改变砷的初始浓度、砷价态、细菌接种比、铁锰浓度等因素来研究不同条件下Pseudomonas putida strain MnB1原位诱导形成生物铁锰氧化物（Biogenic Fe-Mn oxides,BFMO）对As（Ⅲ）和As（V）的去除效果与机制.结果表明：①当As（Ⅲ）和As（V）初始浓度为0.5~5 mg·L^-1时,原位形成的BFMO对As（Ⅲ）和As（V）有良好的去除效率,均在62%以上;②当细菌接种比为0.1%~0.5%时,As（Ⅲ）和As（V）的去除效率与细菌接种比成正比,当细菌接种比大于0.5%时,As（Ⅲ）和As（V）的去除效率基本维持在85%以上,未发生明显变化;③当MnCO₃浓度为0.2~0.8 g·L^-1或Fe（Ⅱ）浓度为2.5~25 mg·L^-1时,原位诱导产生的BFMO对As（Ⅲ）和As（V）的去除率随MnCO₃浓度或Fe（Ⅱ）浓度的增加而增大;当MnCO₃或Fe（Ⅱ）浓度再升高时,As（Ⅲ）和As（V）的去除效率基本保持不变.微观特征分析结果表明,原位形成的BFMO与As（Ⅲ）和As（V）反应后主要产物为As（V）,其去除主要以吸附为主,还存在共沉淀作用.总体而言,原位形成的BFMO适用于砷污染水环境的修复.     

污水除磷技术的研究与进展

详细介绍了污水除磷的迫切性及传统的污水除磷工艺原理与特点，阐述了污水除磷技术的最新发展动向。     

以污泥发酵液与尾水混合液为补给碳源的A2/O污染物去除特性

针对我国农村地区污水量波动和断流的排放特性,提出了一种在断流时段补给污水处理系统自身产出的尾水与污泥发酵液混合液的运行模式,以中试A²/O为对象,研究了系统在该运行模式下的污染物去除特性,以期为今后我国农村地区污水处理装置的设计和运行提供新的思路.结果表明,尾水与发酵液以12：1的比例混合后作为碳源与原水相比具有更好的反硝化和释/吸磷特性,具有强化脱氮除磷的功能;以尾水与发酵液混合液在断流时段作为补给碳源可改善系统对TN和TP的去除效率,其平均去除率分别由69.27%和86.94%提升到73.34%和89.94%,相应地平均出水浓度分别由15.77 mg ·L^-1和0.80 mg ·L^-1降低到13.76 mg ·L^-1和0.64 mg ·L^-1.16S rRNA基因测序结果表明,随着实验的进行,系统中5种常见的水解酸化菌属、6种聚磷菌属和4种反硝化菌属的相对丰度得到提升;通过对系统活性污泥性状的长期监测可以看出,以尾水与发酵液混合液在断流时段作为补给碳源会恶化系统活性污泥的沉降性能,系统活性污泥的平均SVI由阶段Ⅰ的106 mL ·g^-1上升至阶段Ⅱ的131 mL ·g^-1,然而这种恶化程度并不会对系统的污泥活性和污染物去除性能造成不利影响,在整个实验过程中系统均未出现污泥膨胀的现象.     

环境影响评价中公众参与的机制与有效性

公众参与是环境影响评价中的重要内容。从公众参与的定义、目标和作用入手，就环境影响评价中公众参与的作用机制及其有效性进行探讨，认为：广泛的公众代表性、有效的公众参与形式以及公众意见的如实反映和客观分析，都是增进环境影响评价中公众参与的机制有效性的重要因素。     

用二氧化氯降解废水中的苯胺类化合物（2）──降解机理的探讨

本文在上文（１）的基础上，进一步研究了经二氧化氯处理前后ＢＯＤ＿５／ＣＯＤ的变化规律，其比值大于或接近０．３．其降解产物有醌及醌的氧化产物和ＮＨＩ．对苯胺及二氧化氯来说其．反应级数为１，整个反应为二级反应．     

臭氧应用于烟气净化的研究进展

烟气中所含的二氧化硫(SO2),氮氧化物(NOx),重金属汞(Hg)等污染物都能对人体健康及周围环境产生危害.本文综述了臭氧法应用于烟气净化的研究进展、工业应用及反应机理,探讨了臭氧同时脱硫脱硝脱汞的主要影响因素,介绍了臭氧发生技术的研究现状,并对臭氧应用于烟气净化进行了经济性分析,认为臭氧法脱除烟气中的多种污染物具有广泛的应用前景.     

A stochastic model for estimating sustainable limits to wildlife mortality in a changing world

Human-caused mortality of wildlife is a pervasive threat to biodiversity. Assessing the population-level impact of fisheries bycatch and other human-caused mortality of wildlife has typically relied upon deterministic methods. However, population declines are often accelerated by stochastic factors that are not accounted for in such conventional methods. Building on the widely applied potential biological removal (PBR) equation, we devised a new population modeling approach for estimating sustainable limits to human-caused mortality and applied it in a case study of bottlenose dolphins affected by capture in an Australian demersal otter trawl fishery. Our approach, termed sustainable anthropogenic mortality in stochastic environments (SAMSE), incorporates environmental and demographic stochasticity, including the dependency of offspring on their mothers. The SAMSE limit is the maximum number of individuals that can be removed without causing negative stochastic population growth. We calculated a PBR of 16.2 dolphins per year based on the best abundance estimate available. In contrast, the SAMSE model indicated that only 2.3–8.0 dolphins could be removed annually without causing a population decline in a stochastic environment. These results suggest that reported bycatch rates are unsustainable in the long term, unless reproductive rates are consistently higher than average. The difference between the deterministic PBR calculation and the SAMSE limits showed that deterministic approaches may underestimate the true impact of human-caused mortality of wildlife. This highlights the importance of integrating stochasticity when evaluating the impact of bycatch or other human-caused mortality on wildlife, such as hunting, lethal control measures, and wind turbine collisions. Although population viability analysis (PVA) has been used to evaluate the impact of human-caused mortality, SAMSE represents a novel PVA framework that incorporates stochasticity for estimating acceptable levels of human-caused mortality. It offers a broadly applicable, stochastic addition to the demographic toolbox to evaluate the impact of human-caused mortality on wildlife.     

Four kinds of capping materials for controlling phosphorus and nitrogen release from contaminated sediment using a static simulation experiment

• Lanthanum modified bentonite (LMB) can effectively absorb phosphorus (P). • Water treatment plant sludge (WTPS) capping is effective for controlling P release. •Aluminum-based P-inactivation agent (Al-PIA) is an efficient P control material. •The P adsorbed by WTPS and Al-PIA is mainly in the form of NAIP. We determined the effects of quartz sand (QS), water treatment plant sludge (WTPS), aluminum-based P-inactivation agent (Al-PIA), and lanthanum-modified bentonite (LMB) thin-layer capping on controlling phosphorus and nitrogen release from the sediment, using a static simulation experiment. The sediment in the experiment was sampled from Yundang Lagoon (Xiamen, Fujian Province, China), which is a eutrophic waterbody. The total phosphorus (TP), ammonium nitrogen (NH₄⁺-N), and total organic carbon (TOC) levels in the overlying water were measured at regular intervals, and the changes of different P forms in WTPS, Al-PIA, and sediment of each system were analyzed before and after the test. The average TP reduction rates of LMB, Al-PIA, WTPS, and QS were 94.82, 92.14, 86.88, and 10.68%, respectively, when the release strength of sediment TP was 2.26–9.19 mg/(m²·d) and the capping strength of the materials was 2 kg/m². Thin-layer capping of LMB, WTPS, and Al-PIA could effectively control P release from the sediment (P<0.05). However, thin-layer capping of LMB, Al-PIA, and QS did not significantly reduce the release of ammonium N and organic matter (P > 0.05). Based on our results, LMB, Al-PIA, and WTPS thin-layer capping promoted the migration and transformation of easily released P in sediment. The P adsorbed by WTPS and Al-PIA mainly occurred in the form of NAIP.     

Semi-closed synthesis of nitrogen and oxygen Co-doped mesoporous carbon for selective aqueous oxidation

Heteroatom-doped meso/micro-porous carbon materials are conventionally produced by harsh carbonization under an inert atmosphere involving specific precursors, hard/soft templates, and heteroatom-containing agents. Herein, we report a facile synthesis of N and O co-doped meso/micro-porous carbon (NOMC) by template-free carbonization of a small-molecule precursor in a semi-closed system. The semi-closed carbonizaiton process yields hydrophilic NOMCs with large surface area in a high yield. The porous structure as well as the elemental composition of NOMCs can be modulated by changing the holding time at a particular temperature. NOMCs as metal-free heterogeneous catalysts can selectively oxidize benzyl alcohol and its derivatives into aldehydes/ketones with>85％conversion in aqueous solution, which is much higher than that of the control sample obtained in tube furnace (21％conversion), mainly due to their high N content, high percentage of pyridinic N, and large surface area. The presence of O-containing moieties also helps to improve the hydrophilicity and dispersion ability of catalysts and thus facilitates the mass transfer process during aqueous oxidation. The NOMC catalysts also dispayed excellent activity for a wide range of substrates with a selectivity of>99％.     

柱状V2O5/AC中V2O5的分布特征对烟气脱硫活性的影响

采用过量浸渍(XS)、等体积浸渍(PV)和半等体积浸渍(HPV)方法,分别制得3种柱状V₂O₅/AC催化剂,并对其脱硫能力进行评价.结果表明:尽管这3种方法制取的催化剂总w(V₂O₅)相同(均为0.5%),但V₂O₅在柱状颗粒中的分布差异却很大;其中半等体积浸渍法制备的催化剂外层w(V₂O₅)最高,等体积浸渍法的w(V₂O5)居中,过量浸渍法的w(V₂O₅)最低.脱硫前期,催化剂外层的w(V₂O₅)对脱硫活性的影响很大,外层w(V₂O₅)高的催化剂脱硫活性较高;脱硫后期,催化剂外层w(V₂O₅)对脱硫活性的影响变小,而内层w(V₂O₅)的影响变大,内层w(V₂O₅)高的催化剂脱硫活性较高.