三峡水库总磷时空变化特征及滞留效应分析

磷是水域重要的营养或污染物质之一,主要随河川径流循环,河流大型水库建设和运行将对磷的输运和转化产生重要影响.基于三峡水库2008～2016年实测水文和水质资料,建立了总磷(TP)通量和泥沙通量的统计模型,利用模型插补TP的日过程浓度后建立了TP通量计算公式,分析了三峡水库TP浓度时空变化特征、通量变化及滞留效应.结果表明,不考虑区间小支流TP入汇影响, 2008～2012年,三峡入库TP浓度年际变化为0.196～0.290mg·L^-1,年内TP浓度变化趋势呈"M"型,具有明显的双峰特性,三峡干流上游至下游TP浓度基本表现为沿程减小,部分年份清溪场断面TP浓度高于寸滩,该时段三峡年均入库TP通量和滞留率分别为8.23万t和49.76%. 2013～2016年,三峡年均入库TP通量和滞留率明显减小,分别为4.79万t和12.03%.     

螺旋波式潜流人工湿地模型对去除生活污水中氮效果的初探

用一种新型螺旋波式潜流人工湿地模型处理生活污水，使污水经过多次反复接触湿地基质，达到对污水中铵态氯、硝态氯、总氯的去除效果：试验通过时湿地土壤、水样中氯含量的测定分析，研究了螺旋波式潜流人工湿地模型主要组成部分截留氯的优势所在．为优化人工湿地模型内部构造及分析除氮机理提供了可靠的依据。     

Comparison of grassland management systems for beef cattle using self-contained farmlets: effects of contrasting nitrogen inputs and management strategies on nitrogen budgets, and herbage and animal production

Past research on nitrogen (N) inputs, losses and surpluses focused on separate components of grassland management, i.e., grazed or cut swards and the impact of fertiliser or slurry applications. In practice, however, grassland is both grazed and cut for conservation, and N fertiliser is supplied from both organic and inorganic sources. A whole systems approach was used to evaluate the effects of combinations of management strategies designed to reduce N losses on N budgets, and herbage and animal production in South West England. Three systems with contrasting N inputs were compared: CN, conventional mineral N application and broadcast slurry; TN, tactical mineral N application with slurry injection and the early housing of cattle; GC, a mixed grass/white clover sward with no mineral N addition and slurry injection. Comparisons were made on two contrasting soil types: a freely-draining sandy loam (Gleysol, Site 1), and a poorly drained clay (Luvisol, Site 2). 1 ha farmlets were grazed to a target sward height by beef cattle for a 5-year (Site 1) or a 4-year (Site 2) period. Herbage surplus to grazing requirements was cut for silage. On average, 185 kg N ha⁻¹ was applied annually to treatment TN compared with 280 kg N ha⁻¹ for CN. An additional 76, 102 and 67 kg N ha⁻¹ was applied in slurry to treatments CN, TN and GC, respectively. Substantial reductions in N surpluses were achieved for both treatments TN and GC compared with treatment CN (N surpluses ha⁻¹: 254, 168 and 119 kg at Site 1, and 247 kg, 190 and 73 kg at Site 2, for CN, TN and GC, respectively). The highest N input for treatment CN was associated with the greatest animal and herbage production. More land was required for grazing on treatment GC and less herbage was cut for silage so that self-sufficiency was not attained for winter fodder on this treatment. The early removal of cattle on treatment TN did not result in a significant increase in the amount of herbage cut for silage. It was concluded that the combinations of mitigation options used were successful in reducing N surpluses compared with the conventional N management system, but animal and herbage production was reduced.     

大气化学仪器测量进展

从平流层和对流层的大气化学过程入手，分析了研究各个反应所采用的测量手段；从当前大气化学的发展要求提出了理论研究和模式建立中对仪器测量手段的要求。并且从测量坪台这一角度分析了目前在大气化学领域使用的主要测量仪器和手段。     

水环境中的氮污染特征与影响因素

城镇生活污水、含氮的工业废水和农田氮肥是水环境的主要氮污染源。影响水环境中氮污染的主要因素是含氨污水的排放性状、纳志水体的环境容量以及人为与自然条件下氮素的物理、化学的转化作用。     

氮氧化物污染防治技术进展

氮氧化物 (NOx)是主要的大气污染物之一 ,NOx的治理历来受到国内外研究人员的重视。本文扼要介绍了国内外近 1 0几年来 NOx防治技术的研究进展     

上海城区大气NOx污染对健康影响的定量评价

以国际上近年来通用的危险度评价方法为基础,结合NO_x每增高1单位所产生的健康损失,定量估计上海城区大气中NO_x污染对人体健康的影响。结果表明:(1)1990、1998和1999年,上海城区大气中NO_x污染造成人群呼吸系统疾病患病率分别增加0.77％、1.57％和1.50％,可避免的呼吸道疾病病例数分别为54200、98900、94900;(2)1990、1998和1999年,NO_x污染亦造成人群肺功能指标FVC分别减少38、93、89mL,FEV_(1.0)减少37、92、88mL。因此,上海市城区大气中NO_x污染对居民造成了一定的健康损失,且近10年来呈上升趋势。     

应用多孔玻璃膜分离水中纳米有机胶体质的研究

应用新型的硼硅酸多孔玻璃膜（porous glass)于错流超滤（cross-flow ultrafiltration）系统中，分离出30－300nm有机质胶体。分别试验孔径为30nm、50nm和100nm等多孔玻璃膜对一些标准有机大分子的截留率。实验结果显示过滤溶液的酸度、温度、盐度对该分离膜的分离性能影响甚微。     

上海市空气中NOx的污染现状及分担率

借鉴国外计算模型和方法，结合调查统计与现场测试，开展了上海市NOx排放的系统研究。结果表明：1998年上海市各类固定源和流动源共排放NOx37.7万t，其中工业固定源排放占总量的71%；在中心城区，机动车排放已成为NOx污染的主要来源，占该地区机动车和固定源排放总量的74%。     

固定化微生物脱氮

应用固定化微生物技术开展单级生物脱氮的研究。结果表明，固定化硝化与反硝化混合污泥可以实现单级生物脱氮，效果好于未固定化污泥，氨氧化速率和总无机氮的脱中分别提高到未固定化污泥的１．７倍和１３．４倍。结果还表明光硬化树脂也是一种较好的固定化介质。