Advances in emission control of diesel vehicles in China

Diesel vehicles have caused serious environmental problems in China. Hence, the Chinese government has launched serious actions against air pollution and imposed more stringent regulations on diesel vehicle emissions in the latest China VI standard. To fulfill this stringent legislation, two major technical routes, including the exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) and high-efficiency selective catalytic reduction (SCR) routes, have been developed for diesel engines. Moreover, complicated aftertreatment technologies have also been developed, including use of a diesel oxidation catalyst (DOC) for controlling carbon monoxide (CO) and hydrocarbon (HC) emissions, diesel particulate filter (DPF) for particle mass (PM) emission control, SCR for the control of NOx emission, and an ammonia slip catalyst (ASC) for the control of unreacted NH₃. Due to the stringent requirements of the China VI standard, the aftertreatment system needs to be more deeply integrated with the engine system. In the future, aftertreatment technologies will need further upgrades to fulfill the requirements of the near-zero emission target for diesel vehicles.     

表征全吸力范围的土壤水分特征曲线模型评估及其转换函数构建

基于非饱和土壤水力性质数据库（UNSODA）中选取的从砂土到黏土共256个土壤样本,系统性地评价了表征全吸力范围的土壤水分特征曲线模型（LIAO模型）的适用性,并构建和验证了预测LIAO模型参数的土壤转换函数（PTFs）。结果表明：（1）与传统的van Genuchten模型（仅适用于描述毛管水运动）相比,LIAO模型对不同质地土壤水分特征曲线的预测精度更高,均方根误差（RMSE）降低了约45%;（2）LIAO模型参数与土壤基本性质（如砂粒、粉粒、黏粒、有机质含量和容重）之间存在不同程度的相关性,其中参数θ_s与容重的相关性（r=-0.783,P<0.01）最强,而其余参数与粉粒的相关程度最高;（3）基于逐步回归方法构建的PTFs能够解释LIAO模型参数总变异的31%~65%,其中对θ_s的预测精度最高,经双交叉验证表明PTFs稳定性较好。研究成果可为区域（尤其是干旱和半干旱地区）土壤水文模型提供参数支持。     

Editorial: Effects of metal contamination on ammonia-oxidizing microorganisms in a freshwater reservoir

<正>Ammonia-oxidizing microorganisms, including ammoniaoxidizing bacteria (AOB) and archaea (AOA), are important to the global nitrogen cycle. These microbes catalyze the oxidization of ammonia (NH_3) to nitrite (NO_2~-), the ratelimiting step in the biogeochemical cycling of nitrogen (Stahl and de la Torre, 2012). Effects on the activity of the ammoniaoxidizing microbes could ultimately influence the global     

Comprehensive analysis of nitrogen distributions and ammonia nitrogen release fluxes in the sediments of Baiyangdian Lake, China

The condition of Baiyangdian Lake(BYDL) will improve as the Xiongan New Area evolves and fulfills its role of easing overcrowding and supporting economic growth. Water and sediment samples from BYDL were analyzed to provide information on nitrogen(N) contamination in BYDL. The mean ammonium N(NH_4~+-N), nitrate N, and total N concentrations in the water samples were 0.36, 0.12, and 2.22 mg/L, respectively, and the ranges were 0.003–8.38, 0.06–0.30,and 1.25–10.34 mg/L, respectively. The N concentrations in water gradually increased from the north to the south of BYDL. Sediment at 90% of the sampling sites was in or above the moderately contaminated class(1000–2000 mg/kg) defined in US Environmental Protection Agency total N pollution standards. Positive NH_4~+-N fluxes were found for 28 of the 34 sediment core samples, so the potential for NH_4~+-N being released from sediment was relatively high. The NH_4~+-N fluxes were 5.35–48.76 mg/m~2/day, and the mean and maximum fluxes were 8.71 and 48.76 mg/m~2/day, respectively. Benthic organisms will be affected more by NH_4~+-N and NH_3·H_2O in the surface sediment pore water(mean concentrations 4.93 and 0.13 mg/L, respectively) than by the other forms of N.     

梯级水库建设对怒江与澜沧江沉积物氮形态分布的影响

为探究梯级水库建设对沉积物氮形态分布的影响,通过分级浸取方法得到沉积物的离子交换态氮（IEF-N）、弱酸提取态氮（WAEF-N）、强碱提取态氮（SAEF-N）以及强氧化剂提取态氮（SOEF-N）,对比研究了有梯级水库建设的澜沧江和干流无水电站建设的怒江沉积物中氮形态的分布特征,分析了可转化态氮的主要影响因素.结果表明,两条流域沉积物赋存环境存在差异,进而使沉积物的理化性质呈现明显的差异,最终导致沉积物可转化态氮的含量及空间分布也不同,澜沧江沉积物可转化态氮的含量高于怒江,且澜沧江的空间变化也大于怒江,怒江IEF-N、WAEF-N、SAEF-N与SOEF-N含量范围分别为1.56~2.55,16.91~46.42,1.83~10.66,486.61~719.27mg/kg,澜沧江IEF-N、WAEF-N、SAEF-N与SOEF-N含量范围分别为1.55~14.35,20.77~83.08,1.36~92.15,562.61~1404.82mg/kg.两条河流的可转化态氮含量大小排列顺序一致,均为SOEF-N > WAEF-N > SAEF-N > IEF-N,怒江与澜沧江上游自然河段可转化态氮含量及空间分布基本一致,但在澜沧江的梯级水库段上,4种可转化态氮空间分布特征发生了较明显的变化,产生这种现象的原因主要是水库的建设导致了沉积物理化性质的改变,总有机碳、粒度、氧化还原电位对可转化态氮的影响不同.     

农田土壤氮素渗漏淋失研究进展

对农田土壤氮素淋失的相关研究进行综述和总结是研究农业面源氮素污染的一个至关重要的前提。本文从土壤氮素渗漏淋失形态和迁移机理、氮素渗漏淋失的研究方法和影响土壤氮素渗漏淋失的因素三方面进行了详细的分析介绍,概述了近年来国内外农田氮素渗漏淋失的研究进展和研究成果,并在此基础上展望了未来氮素淋失研究工作的重点。研究结论对农田土壤的水肥管理措施及浅层地下水硝氮污染的减缓有一定的理论和借鉴意义     

双滤料曝气生物滤池污水深度处理的研究

采用陶粒、沸石为滤料的曝气生物滤池对生物处理系统二级出水进行深度处理回用,研究了水力停留时间、气水体积比对污染物COD和NH3-N处理效果的影响。结果表明：水力停留时间为8 h,气水体积比为3∶1的工况下,处理效果较好。稳定运行后,出水COD、BOD5、SS、NH3-N、TP和色度平均值分别为15.6 mg/L、3.2 mg/L、8.5 mg/L、1.24 mg/L、0.40mg/L和8度,达到《城市污水再生利用—城市杂用水水质》（GB/T 18920-2002）标准,出水可用于道路清扫、绿化等。     

Improvements on physical conditions of bauxite residue following application of organic materials

Soil formation and ecological rehabilitation is the most promising strategy to eliminate environmental risks of bauxite residue disposal areas. Its poor physical structure is nevertheless a major limitation to plant growth. Organic materials were demonstrated as effective ameliorants to improve the physical conditions of bauxite residue. In this study, three different organic materials including straw (5% W/W), humic acid (5% W/W), and humic acid-acrylamide polymer (0.2% and 0.4%, W/W) were selected to evaluate their effects on physical conditions of bauxite residue pretreated by phosphogypsum following a 120-day incubation experiment. The proportion of 2-1 mm macro-aggregates, mean weight diameter (MWD) and geometric mean diameter (GWD) increased following organic materials addition, which indicated that organic materials could enhance aggregate stability. Compared with straw, and humic acid, humic acid-acrylamide polymer application had improved effects on the formation of water-stable aggregates in the residues. Furthermore, organic materials increased the total porosity, total pore volume and average pore diameter, and reduced the micropore content according to nitrogen gas adsorption (NA) and mercury intrusion porosimetry (MIP) analysis, whilst enhancing water retention of the residues based on water characteristic curves. Compared with traditional organic wastes, humic acid-acrylamide polymer could be regarded as a candidate according to the comprehensive consideration of the additive amount and the effects on physical conditions of bauxite residue. These findings could provide a novel application to both Ca-contained acid solid waste and high-molecular polymers on ecological rehabilitation at disposal areas.     

城市污水混合垃圾渗滤液脱氮试验研究

采用倒置A2/O工艺处理垃圾渗滤液与城市污水混合后的污水脱氮。正交试验得到,水力停留时间是影响混合污水脱氮和有机物去除的控制因素;理论最优运行参数是HRT为9 h、ρ(DO)为2 mg/L、R为80%、r为200%,该工况下COD、NH3-N和TN的平均去除率分别为77.4%、97.2%和62.4%,出水浓度可稳定地达到GB18918-2002《城镇污水处理厂污染物排放标准》一级A标准。     

氨氮废水的厌氧氨氧化生物脱氮研究

利用从厌氧污泥中筛选和驯化的厌氧氨氧化（Anammox）菌直接启动UASB反应器,通过缩短水力停留时间（HRT）提高系统运行负荷,探讨水力停留时间对模拟废水脱氮性能的影响。结果表明,（1）富含Anammox菌的颗粒污泥能够快速启动反应器（只需14d）。（2）连续91d的HRT测试期间,系统具有良好的脱氮性能,且随着HRT的缩短,系统的脱氮效率具有波动上升的特点。NH4＋-N、NO2--N和TN（总氮）的平均去除率超过70.0%。（3）系统总氮容积负荷（TNLR）和总氮去除负荷（TNRR）最大值（以N计）分别为2.04kg·m-3·d-1和1.56kg·m-3·d-1。（4）系统能够比较好的遵循Anammox生物脱氮的理论途径：NH4＋-N、NO2--N的去除速率与NO3--N的生成速率的比例为1？1.15？0.22,与其相应理论值（1？1.32？0.26）非常接近。