MBR在废水处理中的应用及生物强化研究进展

针对日益严苛的废水排放标准,必须提高废水处理工艺脱氮除磷和对难降解有机物的去除性能。膜生物反应器(MBR)作为膜分离与生物技术有机结合的污水处理技术,具有系统处理效果好、容积负荷高、占地面积小,节省空间等优点。文章梳理了MBR在废水脱氮除磷及难降解有机物处理等方面的应用情况,介绍了MBR各种生物强化技术研究现状,为新型MBR技术的开发提供了支持。     

一株具有好氧反硝化能力真菌的筛选及脱氮性能研究

利用综合筛选法从河流底泥中筛选出一株具有好氧反硝化能力的真菌,通过18S rDNA测序及形态观察,该菌被鉴定为链格孢属真菌。结果表明:该菌碳源底物利用范围广泛,能够利用多种有机碳源进行生长和反硝化。该菌对氨氮的去除主要通过该菌对氨氮的同化作用,而对亚硝酸盐和硝酸盐的去除是同化和反硝化共同作用的结果。当氨氮、亚硝酸盐和硝酸盐同时存在时,该菌优先利用氨氮,但对亚硝酸盐和硝酸盐并无明显的选择性。初始氮浓度和碳氮比对培养基pH和氮素的去除率均有一定的影响。当初始氮浓度和碳氮比合适时,该菌对3种氮素均有很高的去除效率,是一种具有应用前景的除氮菌属。     

机动车氮氧化物污染现状与减排措施

汽车尾气对空气的污染越来越严重,影响人们的健康生活,破坏生态环境。机动车尾气中的氮氧化物是大气污染的主要污染物之一,采取有效措施减少机动车氮氧化物排放对于空气质量的改善具有重要意义。     

呼和浩特市交通要道氮氧化物浓度监测与分析

为获知呼和浩特市交通要道氮氧化物（NOx）污染现状,采用短期暴露扩散采样法,于2010年3月21至4月24日,在呼和浩特市区交通要道设置IN个采样点,对氮氧化物进行了监测并分析。实验结果为四个采样点的N0x浓度日平均值为0．012—0．14mg·m^-3,表明呼和浩特市交通要道附近氮氧化物浓度存在超标现象,有关职能部门应采取有效措施,防治NOx污染的发生。     

Ammonia and greenhouse gas emissions from a subtropical wheat field under different nitrogen fertilization strategies

Minimizing soil ammonia (NH₃) and nitrous oxide (N₂O) emission factors (EFs) has significant implications in regional air quality and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions besides nitrogen (N) nutrient loss. The aim of this study was to investigate the impacts of different N fertilizer treatments of conventional urea, polymer-coated urea, ammonia sulfate, urease inhibitor (NBPT, N-(n-butyl) thiophosphoric triamide)-treated urea, and nitrification inhibitor (DCD, dicyandiamide)-treated urea on emissions of NH₃ and GHGs from subtropical wheat cultivation. A field study was established in a Cancienne silt loam soil. During growth season, NH₃ emission following N fertilization was characterized using active chamber method whereas GHG emissions of N₂O, carbon dioxide (CO₂), and methane (CH₄) were by passive chamber method. The results showed that coated urea exhibited the largest reduction (49%) in the EF of NH₃-N followed by NBPT-treated urea (39%) and DCD-treated urea (24%) over conventional urea, whereas DCD-treated urea had the greatest suppression on N₂O-N (87%) followed by coated urea (76%) and NBPT-treated urea (69%). Split fertilization of ammonium sulfate-urea significantly lowered both NH₃-N and N₂O-N EF values but split urea treatment had no impact over one-time application of urea. Both NBPT and DCD-treated urea treatments lowered CO₂-C flux but had no effect on CH₄-C flux. Overall, application of coated urea or urea with NPBT or DCD could be used as a mitigation strategy for reducing NH₃ and N₂O emissions in subtropical wheat production in Southern USA.     

Enhancing the efficiency of nitrogen removing bacterial population to a wide range of C:N ratio (1.5:1 to 14:1) for simultaneous C & N removal

• Simultaneous C & N removal in Methammox occurs at wide C:N ratio. • Biological Nitrogen Removal at wide C:N ratio of 1.5:1 to 14:1 is not reported. • Ammonia removal shifted from mixotrophy to heterotrophy at high C:N ratio. • Acetogenic population compensated for ammonia oxidizers at high C:N ratio. • Methanogens increase the plasticity of nitrogen removers at high C:N ratio. High C:N ratio in the wastewater limits biological nitrogen removal (BNR), especially in anammox based technologies. The present study attempts to improve the COD tolerance of the BNR process by associating methanogens with nitrogen removing bacterial (NRB) populations. The new microbial system coined as ‘Methammox’, was investigated for simultaneous removal of COD (C) and ammonia (N) at C:N ratio 1.5:1 to 14:1. The ammonia removal rate (11.5 mg N/g VSS/d) and the COD removal rates (70.6 mg O/g VSS/d) of Methammox was close to that of the NRB (11.1 mg N/g VSS/d) and the methanogenic populations (77.9 mg O/g VSS/d), respectively. The activities established that these two populations existed simultaneously and independently in ‘Methammox’. Further studies in biofilm reactor fetched a balanced COD and ammonia removal (55%–60%) at a low C:N ratio (≤2:1) and high C:N ratio (≥9:1). The population abundance of methanogens was reasonably constant, but the nitrogen removal shifted from mixotrophy to heterotrophy as the C:N ratio shifted from low (C:N≤2:1) to high (C:N≥9:1). The reduced autotrophic NRB (ammonia- and nitrite-oxidizing bacteria and Anammox) population at a high C:N ratio was compensated by the fermentative group that could carry out denitrification heterotrophically. The functional plasticity of the Methammox system to adjust to a broad C:N ratio opens new frontiers in biological nitrogen removal of high COD containing wastewaters.     

Modelling the thresholds of nitrogen/phosphorus concentration and hydraulic retention time for bloom control in reclaimed water landscape

● A new model for bloom control in open land scape water was constructed. ● It considers the effects of temperature and light on algae growth. ● It describes threshold curve of nitrogen, phosp horus and hydraulic retention time. ● Light and temperature dependent growth para meters of typical algae were obtained. The risks posed by algal blooms caused by nitrogen and phosphorus in reclaimed water used in urban water landscapes need to be carefully controlled. In this study, the combined effects of the nitrogen and phosphorus concentrations and the light intensity and temperature on the specific growth rates of algae were determined using Monod, Steele, and Arrhenius models, then an integrated algal growth model was developed. The algae biomass, nitrogen concentration, and phosphorus concentration mass balance equations were used to establish a new control model describing the nitrogen and phosphorus concentration and hydraulic retention time thresholds for algal blooms. The model parameters were determined by fitting the models to data acquired experimentally. Finally, the control model and numerical simulations for six typical algae and mixed algae under standard conditions were used to determine nitrogen/phosphorus concentration and hydraulic retention time thresholds for landscape water to which reclaimed water is supplied (i.e., for a reclaimed water landscape).     

从田块到水体：基于源-流-汇理念的非点源污染全过程核算方法

目前,国内外已开展了大量农业非点源污染核算研究,但大部分经验模型缺乏对非点源污染入水体过程的考虑,而机理模型则受到资料限制,大尺度应用难度较大.针对传统研究面临的未考虑入水体过程、难以精细化模拟等核心问题,本研究基于源-流-汇理念和栅格汇流算法,构建了耦合源负荷核算、入水体过程核算、植被截留核算等模块的农业非点源污染物全过程核算方法(Grid confluence based agricultural nonpoint source pollution calculation method,GC-ANPSM).案例研究表明,GC-ANPSM方法具有较好的适用性,径流模拟误差为24.3%,总氮模拟误差为9.78%.该方法可为少监测资料地区的农业非点源污染物全过程核算提供理论和技术基础,同时为制定农业环境保护政策提供决策依据.     

Practical Implications of Understanding the Influence of Motivations on Commitment to Voluntary Urban Conservation Stewardship

Although the word commitment is prevalent in conservation biology literature and despite the importance of people's commitment to the success of conservation initiatives, commitment as a psychological phenomenon and its operation in specific conservation behaviors remains unexplored. Despite increasing calls for conservation psychology to play a greater role in meeting conservation goals, applications of the psychological sciences to specific conservation behaviors, illustrating their utility to conservation practice, are rare. We examined conservation volunteers’ motivations and commitment to urban conservation volunteering. We interviewed key informant volunteers and used interview findings to develop psychometric scales that we used to assess motivations and commitment to volunteer. We surveyed 322 urban conservation volunteers and used factor analysis to reveal how volunteers structure their motivations and commitment to volunteer for urban conservation activities. Six categories of motivations and 2 categories of commitment emerged from factor analysis. Volunteers were motivated by desires to help the environment, defend and enhance the ego, career and learning opportunities, escape and exercise, social interactions, and community building. Two forms of commitment, affective and normative commitment, psychologically bind people to urban conservation volunteerism. We used linear‐regression models to examine how these categories of motivations influence volunteers’ commitment to conservation volunteerism. Volunteers’ tendency to continue to volunteer for urban conservation, even in the face of fluctuating counter urges, was motivated by personal, social, and community functions more than environmental motivations. The environment, otherwise marginally important, was a significant motivator of volunteers’ commitment only when volunteering met volunteers’ personal, social, and community‐building goals. Attention to these personal, social, and community‐building motivations may help enhance volunteers’ commitment to conservation stewardship and address the pressing challenge of retaining urban conservation volunteers. Implicaciones Prácticas del Entendimiento de la Influencia de Motivaciones sobre el Compromiso de Voluntarios de Conservación Urbana Asah & Blahna     

浅谈国内燃煤烟气脱硝现状

在查阅国内脱硝领域相关文献资料的基础上,简要地介绍了国内外目前的污染防治措施和脱硝技术,分析国内防治措施不足之处,针对目前的污染治理现状及脱硝技术的发展提出了几点建议。