HYDRODYNAMIC SIMULATIONS OF A CONSTRUCTED WETLAND IN SOUTH FLORIDA1

ABSTRACT: This paper describes the application of the SHEET2D model to the Florida's Everglades Nutrient Removal (ENR) Project. The ENR Project is a 3815 acre (1545 ha) pilot project, located in Palm Beach County. The operation of the treatment system will be used to demonstrate the performance of larger scale constructed wetland systems for removal of phosphorus from Everglades Agricultural Area (EAA) stormwater runoff. It is currently the largest stormwater wetland treatment system in the world. The SHEET2D model was used to analyze the performance of the ENR Project. SHEET2D is a two-dimensional, depth-averaged hydrodynamic model that is applicable to shallow water flow conditions. Subsequently, results from SHEET2D simulations were used to develop the ENEMOD model. ENRMOD is a lumped parameter box water quality model that can be used to analyze the long term performance of the ENR project with respect to hydrology and phosphorus uptake. Localized short-circuiting in the agricultural ditches within the project area was analyzed by using the RBFVM-2D model, which is a finite volume hydrodynamic model that is also applicable to shallow water flow conditions. The SHEET2D model was employed to simulate the hydraulics of the structures between cells and the hydrodynamics of the sheet-flow moving across the buffer cell and treatment cells. Collection, distribution, and larger discharge canals within the project were simulated by means of the MultiBasin Routing (MBR) model features that are built into the SHEET2D model. Constant inflows (75 to 600 cfs [2.1 to 17 m³/s]) were used in all runs to simulate the discharge of the ENR Project based on the proposed operating schedule for the outflow pump station. The model simulated 30 days to reach steady state conditions. Under steady state conditions, the hydraulic retention times were computed for the project and the split of flow between the two treatment trains of the entire project from the common buffer cell. Additionally, design components such as height of the levees, capacity of the structures, and hydrographs at specified grids were obtained.     

TRANSPORT OF ROAD-SURFACE SEDIMENT THROUGH EPHEMERAL STREAM CHANNELS1

ABSTRACT: Since the majority of road drainage points in western Washington and Oregon enter small, often ephemeral streams rather than large, fish-bearing waters, impact of road-surface sediment on biota in permanent streams depends, to a large extent, on transport through these small watercourses. A series of experimental additions of road-surface sediment was made to two ephemeral streams to examine the downstream transport of this material as a function of discharge and channel characteristics. These small streams were found to store large amounts of sediment washed from road surface. In no instance did either stream transport more than 45 percent of the added material to their mouths, distances of 95 and 125 m. Larger-sized sediment particles were delivered at a lower rate than finer material. Added sediment <0.063 mm in size was transported efficiently through the systems at all but the lowest flows tested. Material between 0.5 and 0.063 mm and from 2.0 to 0.5 mm in size were retained at progressively higher rates, with sediment in the coarser size category never exceeding a delivery of 10 percent of the added material. There were significant differences in the transport of sediment in the two larger size categories between the two streams. These differences were due to a much greater amount of woody debris in the stream with the lower delivery rates, which acted to trap and hold sediment, as well as a slightly longer and less steep channel.     

A STUDY OF RESIDENTIAL STORMWATER IMPOUNDMENTS: PERCEPTIONS AND POLICY IMPLICATIONS1

ABSTRACT: The traditional solution to stormwater runoff from housing developments has been stormwater sewer systems. A newer and increasingly popular solution is some sort of impoundment or “lake” within the development, which is thought to be cheaper, to provide recreation, to improve the aesthetics of the environment, and to increase property values. Little is known of the acceptability of these to public officials, developers, or potential residents, or of their policy implications. Two such developments in Mississauga, Ontario, were studied, in terms of the perceptions and opinions of a random sample of residents and of officials who had been involved in their planning and management. The areas have attracted a relatively young group, just beginning their child-bearing years, with relatively high income and education. The lakes appear to be popular, and relatively successful, especially the one which provides more recreational opportunities, and which has had fewer maintenance problems. The major problems are visual and safety. The City, and to some extent the developers, are seen as the appropriate groups to manage and maintain the lakes. Some suggestions, based on residents' and officials' responses, are presented for future designs and policy formulation.     

上流式厌氧氨氧化反应器氮负荷提升过程中的运行性状

接种厌氧氨氧化(Anaerobic Ammonium Oxidation,ANAMMOX)颗粒污泥至上流式厌氧污泥床反应器(Up-flow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket,UASB),并控制进水NO_3~--N/NO_2~--N质量比为1∶1。在(33±1)℃下,通过研究不同进水总氮质量浓度(200 mg/L、400mg/L、600 mg/L)和水力停留时间(12 h、8 h、6 h、4 h)下的脱氮效能、污泥形态及微生物群落结构,多维分析上流式ANAMMOX反应器氮负荷提升过程中的运行性状。结果表明,在进水NO_3~--N和NO_2~--N质量浓度均为200 mg/L、总氮质量浓度为400 mg/L、水力停留时间为6h的运行工况下反应器可获得最佳处理效能,NO_3~--N、NO_2~--N和总氮去除负荷分别达到0.76 kg N/(m3·d)、0.75 kg N/(m3·d)和1.32kg N/(m3·d),三者去除率分别为95.0%、93.8%和82.5%。氮负荷提升过程中的污泥形态和微生物群落结构动态变化显示,相较于水力停留时间的缩短,进水总氮质量浓度增加对上流式ANAMMOX反应器运行过程的影响更为显著,其不仅导致了颗粒污泥解聚,还显著降低了微生物种群的多样性和均匀度。核酸测序结果表明,反应器中分布着3种潜在的ANAMMOX优势功能菌,且三者丰度会随进水总氮质量浓度增加而发生明显演替。研究表明,在上流式ANAMMOX反应器氮负荷提升过程中,进水总氮浓度的控制更为关键。     

Field scale interaction and nutrient exchange between surface water and shallow groundwater in the Baiyang Lake region, North China Plain

Fertilizer input for agricultural food production, as well as domestic and industrial surface water pollutants in the North China Plain, increases pressures on locally scarce and vulnerable water resources. In order to: (a) understand pollutant exchange between surface water and groundwater, (b) quantify nutrient loadings, and (c) identify major nutrient removal pathways by using qualitative and quantitative methods, including the geochemical model PHREEQC, a one-year study at a wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and maize (Zea mays L.) double cropping system in the Baiyang Lake area in Hebei Province, China, was undertaken. The study showed a high influence of low-quality surface water on the shallow aquifer. Major inflowing pollutants into the aquifer were ammonium and nitrate via inflow from the adjacent Fu River (up to 29.8 mg/L NH₄-N and 6.8 mg/L NO₃-N), as well as nitrate via vertical transport from the field surface (up to 134.8 mg/L NO₃-N in soil water). Results from a conceptual model show an excess nitrogen input of about 320 kg/ha/a. Nevertheless, both nitrogen species were only detected at low concentrations in shallow groundwater, averaging at 3.6 mg/L NH₄-N and 1.8 mg/L NO₃-N. Measurement results supported by PHREEQC-modeling indicated cation exchange, denitrification, and anaerobic ammonium oxidation coupled with partial denitrification as major nitrogen removal pathways. Despite this current removal capacity, the excessive nitrogen fertilization may pose a future threat to groundwater quality. Surface water quality improvements are therefore recommended in conjunction with simultaneous monitoring of nitrate in the aquifer, and reduced agricultural N-inputs should be considered.     

水污染源在线设备比对监测问题与解决方案——以长沙市在线监测系统为例

总结了长沙市7年来水污染源在线监测系统开展比对监测工作的情况,对氨氮、p H、重金属比对监测存在的问题进行了剖析,分析了在线监测仪器比对不合格的原因以及目前在线监测仪器部分项目缺乏误差标准等亟待解决的问题,研究出各因子误差的合理区间,提出了切实可行的解决方案:氨氮应该按照检测浓度高低确定误差范围;p H质控样不应使用相对误差,建议采用±0.3 p H的绝对误差;重金属实际水样浓度小于一定量时,用接近水样浓度的低浓度质控样替代。     

低温等离子体治理柴油机尾气污染的研究进展

柴油发动机以其良好的燃油经济性和动力学特性得到广泛应用,但是其尾气排放中的氮氧化物有害气体和难以分解的微粒物含量较多,造成了严重环境污染。目前,研究开发中的柴油机尾气后处理技术,如还原催化转化、氧化催化转化和微粒捕集等,存在催化剂价格昂贵、催化活性低、有效温度范围小和捕集器保持清洁状态困难等不足。国内外大量的研究结果证明,基于气体放电的低温等离子体技术能有效降低柴油机尾气污染物排放,且无二次污染。本文通过低温等离子体的产生,柴油机尾气中的氮氧化物和微粒物的净化,综合介绍了低温等离子体净化柴油机尾气技术的研究进展,针对当前研究中存在的问题,论述了今后的发展趋势。     

氮钾配合施用对亚种间杂交水稻养分吸收及产量影响的研究

氮促进亚种间杂交稻的分蘖和对磷、钾的吸收,钾也能促进氮、磷的吸收,但对分蘖似有抑制的趋势。稻株各生育期氮、磷、钾含量以分蘗盛期最高。随后迅速下降,至幼穗形成期下降速率减缓。齐穗后,累积在茎、叶的氮、磷大部分向穗部转移,而钾则很少运送到穗部。每生产100kg稻谷约需吸收1.71kg N、0.77kg P_2O_5、2.30kg K_2O,三者比例为1:0.45:1.35。氮、钾配合施用的增产效果大于单施氮或钾的效果;在施用量为82.5kg N ha~(-1)和75.0kg K_2O ha~(-1)的基础上,增施氮肥或钾肥,其增产效果相近,表明在施用适量氮肥的前提下,亚种间杂交稻对钾的反应甚为敏感。     

土壤中反应性溶质保持模拟模型概述

水溶性污染物和有机污染物在非饱和带的运动规律是当前土壤物理学研究的前沿领域．模拟反应性溶质的运移模型，必须包含溶质和土壤基质之间的保持和释放反应．本文简要综述土壤对溶质保持反应的平衡模型、动力学模型和多反应模型的主要特点．