不同污泥龄(SRT)对SNEDPR系统脱氮除磷影响

为了解不同污泥龄(SRT)对同步硝化内源反硝化除磷(SNEDPR)系统脱氮除磷性能的影响,采用4组延时厌氧(180min)/低氧(溶解氧0.5~1.0 mg·L~(-1))运行的SBR反应器,以实际城市污水为处理对象,考察不同的SRT(5、10、15、25 d)条件下系统的脱氮除磷性能及其污泥性状的变化情况.结果表明,当SRT≥10 d时,短SRT有利于提高PAOs的竞争优势;在SRT为15 d和10 d时,系统除磷性能均较高,尤其是当SRT=10 d时,PPAOs,An平均为68.4%,PRA和PUA分别高达31.9mg·L~(-1)和34.3 mg·L~(-1).在SRT为15 d和10 d时,系统的硝化性能不受SRT变化的影响,且在SRT=15 d时,系统具有最高的脱氮性能,TN去除率和SNED率分别平均为89.6%和71.8%.在SRT≥10 d时,系统的COD去除性能不受SRT的变化影响,去除率达78%以上;但SRT=5 d时,由于系统生物量的流失使得系统对C、N、P的去除性能均较差,SNED率和PO3-4-P去除率分别低至5.7%和0.5%.此外,在SRT=15 d时,系统污泥沉降性能最好,SV和SVI分别为20%和64 mL·g~(-1),且污泥浓度随着SRT的延长而升高;长SRT(25 d)下系统抗冲击负荷能力较强,但污泥的沉降性能变差.     

武汉东湖底栖藻类对磷的滞留作用

测定了底栖藻类在武汉东湖沿岸带人工基质上建群时的生物量和藻垫中不同组分的磷含量,结果显示,建群期间底栖藻类的生物量(叶绿素a和无灰干质)与总磷(total phosphorus,TP)含量显著相关.建群早期藻垫中总磷的含量随底栖藻类生物量的缓慢增加而增加,随着以绿藻占优势的底栖藻类群落的发展,生物量呈指数级增加,藻垫的总磷含量也快速增加,两者同时在第28d达到最高峰值(Chl a=54.51μg·cm-2;TP=96.7μg·cm-2).单位生物量的藻垫对磷的滞留作用(TP/Chl a)随着底栖藻类生物量的积累而增强(最高达2.43 μg·μg-1).藻垫中钙磷、铁磷的百分含量相对较高,两者之和接近总磷的80%.除藻类细胞和藻垫中的其它生物含磷外,藻垫负荷的磷还可能来自底栖藻类光合作用所导致的金属磷的沉积、藻垫对水体中颗粒态磷的过滤和对底泥中释放磷的截留.     

固硫剂对煤燃烧过程中硒挥发性的抑制作用

为了解煤中硒在燃烧过程中的动态、煤中可交换阳离子含量对煤中硒挥发性的影响,以及固硫剂对煤中硒挥发性的抑制作用,将煤样进行了逐级化学提取实验、燃烧实验、硒抑制实验、X射线衍射分析以及原子荧光光谱分析.实验结果表明,煤在815℃下燃烧,煤中97%以上的硒挥发.在中低温度下煤中可交换阳离子含量影响硒的挥发性.模拟固定床燃烧试验,815℃下CaO对煤中硒挥发性的抑制率范围在¨.6%～50.7%,平均为36.0%.小型循环流化床燃烧试验,加入CaO后硒在不同粒级流化床灰中配置明显发生变化,细粒飞灰中硒含量明显降低,＜0.0308mm飞灰中硒含量从241 mg·kg^-1降到10 mg·kg^-1.烟道灰中硒含量降到1/4以下,烟道喷淋水中硒含量降低了2个数量级.循环流化床燃烧,CaO对硒挥发性的抑制作用更加明显.固硫剂不仅可以固硫,而且对硒的挥发性也有一定的抑制作用.     

A bibliometric review of nitrogen research in eutrophic lakes and reservoirs

The global application of nitrogen is far greater than phosphorus, and it is widely involved in the eutrophication of lakes and reservoirs. We used a bibliometric method to quantitatively and qualitatively evaluate nitrogen research in eutrophic lakes and reservoirs to reveal research developments, current research hotspots, and emerging trends in this area. A total of 2695 articles in the past 25 years from the online database of the Scientific Citation Index Expended(SCI-Expanded) were analyzed. Articles in this area increased exponentially from 1991 to 2015.Although the USA was the most productive country over the past 25 years, China achieved the top position in terms of yearly publications after 2010. The most active keywords related to nitrogen in the past 25 years included phosphorus, nutrients, sediment, chlorophyll-a, carbon,phytoplankton, cyanobacteria, water quality, modeling, and stable isotopes, based on analysis within 5-year intervals from 1991 to 2015 as well as the entire past 25 years. In addition, researchers have drawn increasing attention to denitrification, climate change, and internal loading. Future trends in this area should focus on:(1) nutrient amounts, ratios, and major nitrogen sources leading to eutrophication;(2) nitrogen transformation and the bioavailability of different nitrogen forms;(3)nitrogen budget, mass balance model, control, and management;(4) ecosystem responses to nitrogen enrichment and reduction, as well as the relationships between these responses; and(5)interactions between nitrogen and other stressors(e.g., light intensity, carbon, phosphorus, toxic contaminants, climate change, and hydrological variations) in terms of eutrophication.     

污泥龄对膜生物反应器性能的影响

研究了膜生物反应器污泥龄对胞外聚合物(EPS)含量、污泥特性、污泥颗粒粒径分布及膜过滤阻力的影响.结果表明,污泥龄(SRT)为30 d时混合液中胞外聚合物(EPS)和膜面上的EPS含量分别约为90 mg/g、0.8 g/m2,随污泥龄的延长二者同步增加,EPS在膜面上几乎没有积累;混合液EPS含量的增加改变了细菌表面电荷且增大了细菌表面亲水基和疏水基的比例,使细菌存在状态由不稳定型(R型)向稳定型(S型)转变.造成污泥的沉降困难;在长污泥龄运行中.混合液中污泥颗粒呈现双峰分布,泥龄30 d时在O.5 μm和16 μm处有2个峰且平均粒径约14μm,污泥龄延长双峰分布向颗粒小的方向移动;混合液中微细颗粒含量及粒径分布对膜污染起决定性作用.综合考虑膜污染和污泥特性,膜生物反应器的污泥龄应控制在优势菌最小世代时间(运行温度下的最大比增长速度)的120倍以下.     

农田氮素流失模型的构建与应用

农田氮素流失一直是困扰农业生产发展和影响生态平衡的一个重要问题，当前世界各国致力于研究提高氮肥利用率和减少氮素损失的方法与途径，但是仍没有一个普遍适用的模型能定量化地阐明氮素流失的规律与特征。综述近年来国内外在农田氮素流失方面的定量方法与模型构建等研究成果，同时提出该领域亟待解决的问题。     

水力停留时间对反应沉淀一体化反应器中半亚硝化反应的影响

由于反应沉淀一体化反应器的HRT与SRT不同,因此HRT是否会影响反应器中氮的存在状态,亚硝态氮积累是否能实现尚无明确结论。针对以上问题,研究不同水力停留时间对反应沉淀一体化反应器中半亚硝化反应的影响,研究结果表明：反应器运行虽然运行过程中无污泥流失,但仍可实现亚硝酸盐的积累,出水亚硝态氮和氨氮的浓度比例受水力停留时间的影响。HRT为24h时,亚硝酸盐积累率可达到70％,但出水氨氮接近于0,很难满足ANAMMOX的进水要求;HRT为16h和12h时,亚硝酸盐积累率均可超过80％,出水氨氮和亚硝态氮的比例分别达到1．39：1和1．46：1,可为后续ANAMMOX反应提供良好进水条件。水力停留时间对污泥亚硝化潜力的影响为12h〉16h〉24h,对硝化潜力的影响为24h〉16h〉12h。不同水力停留时间下氨氧化速率和亚硝酸盐氧化速率均为24h〉16h〉12h。     

溶解氧对河流底泥中三氮释放的影响

作为内源污染的底泥沉积物中营养物的释放引起了越来越多的关注。通过大型静态土柱模拟实验,研究氮在上覆水和孔隙水中的分布特性和释放特性。在控制氧气条件、底泥有机质含量和粒径大小的条件下,连续观测氨态氮、亚硝态氮和硝态氮的浓度及其垂向分布特性。结果发现：时间分布上,通氧条件明显影响水体底泥中三氮释放与反硝化作用达到平衡的时间;垂向分布上,三期实验的上覆水的无机氮以氨态氮为主,不同的通氧条件下,各柱的孔隙水的三氮浓度比上覆水高,且三氮在沉积物中随深度增加而增加;氨态氮和硝态氮浓度则以孔隙水的为高,随深度增加而增加;低溶解氧水平加快底泥释放氨氮速度和增大释放量。     

预涂动态膜强化渗透与截留性能研究

以二氧化钛粉体材料为涂膜剂,陶瓷管为基膜制备预涂动态膜,引入通量增强系数Zi和截留增强系数Fi研究了预涂动态膜制备条件对其强化渗透与截留性能的影响,并用SEM电镜对预涂动态膜和基膜表面形貌进行表征。结果表明:制备的预涂动态膜表面均匀密实,其孔径低于基膜平均孔径。预涂动态膜的渗透与截留性能随涂膜液pH值的增加而增加,在跨膜压差低于0.2 MPa、错流速度低于1.5 m/s,涂膜时间少于30 m in和涂膜液浓度低于0.4 g/L范围内,提高这些参数值有利于提高预涂动态膜的渗透与截留性能,超出此范围时,提高这些参数值对增强其渗透与截留性能的效果已不明显,其中错流速度的影响相对小些。跨膜压差为0.2 MPa,错流速度为1.5 m/s,涂膜时间30 m in,涂膜液浓度和pH值分别为0.4 g/L和10.2时为最佳制备条件。     

Effects of experimental nitrogen additions on plant diversity in tropical forests of contrasting disturbance regimes in southern China

Responses of understory plant diversity to nitrogen (N) additions were investigated in reforested forests of contrasting disturbance regimes in southern China from 2003 to 2008: disturbed forest (with harvesting of understory vegetation and litter) and rehabilitated forest (without harvesting). Experimental additions of N were administered as the following treatments: Control, 50 kg N ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹, and 100 kg N ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹. Nitrogen additions did not significantly affect understory plant richness, density, and cover in the disturbed forest. Similarly, no significant response was found for canopy closure in this forest. In the rehabilitated forest, species richness and density showed no significant response to N additions; however, understory cover decreased significantly in the N-treated plots, largely a function of a significant increase in canopy closure. Our results suggest that responses of plant diversity to N deposition may vary with different land-use history, and rehabilitated forests may be more sensitive to N deposition.