Influence of seasonal temperature change on autotrophic nitrogen removal for mature landfill leachate treatment with high-ammonia by partial nitrification-Anammox process

In this study, a denitrification (DN)–partial nitritation (PN)–anaerobic ammonia oxidation (Anammox) system for the efficient nitrogen removal of mature landfill leachate was built with a zone-partitioning self-reflux biological reactor as the core device, and the effects of changes in seasonal temperature on the nitrogen removal in non-temperature-control environment were explored. The results showed that as the seasonal temperature decreased from 34°C to 11.3°C, the total nitrogen removal rate of the DN-PN-Anammox system gradually decreased from the peak value of 1.42 kg/(m³?day) to 0.49 kg/(m³?day). At low temperatures (<20°C), when the nitrogen load (NLR) of the system is not appropriate, the fluctuation of high NH₄⁺-N concentration in the landfill leachate greatly influenced the stability of the nitrogen removal. At temperatures of 11°C–15°C, the NLR of the system is controlled below 0.5 kg/(m³?day), which can achieve stable nitrogen removal and the nitrogen removal efficiency can reach above 96%. The abundance of Candidatus Brocadia gradually increased with the decrease of temperature. Nitrosomonas, Candidatus Brocadia and Candidatus Kuenenia as the main functional microorganisms in the low temperature.     

HRT对CSTR亚硝化颗粒污泥性能影响

在CSTR中控制稳定的进水氨氮负荷,基于对粒径分布、胞外聚合物（EPS）组分和功能菌动力学活性的分析,考察水力停留时间（HRT）对颗粒污泥形态、氮转化效能和微生物动力学活性的影响,并采用MiSeq高通量测序技术分析污泥中微生物菌群结构.结果表明,HRT从4 h逐渐缩短至1 h,反应器中氨氮去除率从80%逐渐提高至95%,亚硝酸盐累积率始终大于85%.缩短HRT可显著改变颗粒污泥粒径分布,0.3~0.8 mm的颗粒逐渐占主导,约达50%,粒径小于0.3 mm和大于1.6 mm的颗粒逐渐减少.HRT对功能微生物活性影响与颗粒大小有关.系统中变形菌门（Proteobacteria）占绝对优势,亚硝化单胞菌属（Nitrosomomas）为代表的AOB富集度高达56%以上,缩短HRT有利于AOB的富集.     

重庆市主城环境空气中二氧化氮污染浅析

利用重庆市主城区2009年~2013年二氧化氮监测数据,对重庆市二氧化氮浓度时空变化趋势进行分析。结果表明:近5年二氧化氮浓度总体呈上升趋势,空间分布呈交通干线和城市中心区域二氧化氮浓度相对偏高的分布特征;日变化出现"双峰双谷"分布,峰值分别出现在中午11时左右和夜间21时左右,"双谷"分别出现在凌晨6时和下午16时左右;二氧化氮变化显示出受到交通源排放、边界层气象条件及臭氧大气光化学反应过程的影响,影响程度与道路交通相对空间位置、拥堵程度等相关联。     

The contribution of dry deposited ammonia and sulphur dioxide to the composition of precipitation from continuously open gauges

A series of experiments using bulk precipitation collectors of the type used in the UK precipitation chemistry network measured the amounts of NH₄⁺, SO₄²⁻ and other ions that could be washed from funnels (diameter 15 cm) exposed to a wide range of NH₃ and SO₂ concentrations over periods from hours to days. In dry conditions, the average deposition flux of NH₃ was between 50 and 120 nmol NH₄⁺ funnel⁻¹ d⁻¹ (0.1–0.3 kg N ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹), and was independent of the concentration of NH₃. Dry deposition of NH₃ to wet funnels at small NH₃ concentrations was almost 5 times that to dry funnels under the same conditions (average 240 nmol funnel⁻¹ d⁻¹; 0.7 kg ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹), and increased with increasing NH₃ concentrations. The amount of NH₄⁺ ions remaining on the funnel surface was inversely proportional to the vapour pressure deficit during the experiment. This result was interpreted as a dependence on the duration of surface wetness, with greater deposition of NH₄⁺ when evaporation rates of surface water were small.The amount of SO₂ deposited on funnel surfaces was closely related to the amount of NH₃ deposited, in both wet and dry conditions, but was not strongly correlated with the SO₂ concentration. At low NH₃ and SO₂ concentrations the average deposition to dry funnels was 70 nmol SO₄²⁻ funnel⁻¹ d⁻¹ (0.5 kg ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹), and to wet funnels was approximately 2.5 times larger. The results are interpreted in terms of the balance between the rate of evaporation of surface water, and the rate of oxidation of SO₂, which leads to the ‘fixing’ of NH₄⁺ ions on the surface as involatile salts.It is predicted that dry deposition of NH₃ to funnel surfaces across the UK Secondary Network could account for as much as one-half of the measured bulk wet deposition at sites where wet deposition of NH₄–N is small. The amount of dry deposition depends on how long and how often funnel surfaces are wetted by rain or dew, and on the air concentrations of NH₃. These predictions are based on funnels being wetted only once per day. More frequent wetting would increase the contribution from dry deposition, and the consequent overestimate of wet deposition of NH₄–N across the UK by using data obtained from bulk collectors. To some extent this overestimate may be offset by microbial degradation and loss of NH₄–N in weekly bulk precipitation samples during collection and storage.     

Performance analysis of on-farm irrigation tanks on agricultural drainage water reuse and treatment

Water reuse and pollutant removal efficiency analysis of the on-farm irrigation tanks (OFTs) was carried out in rice paddy field region of Zhanghe Irrigation District, Southern China through field experiments during the rice growing season of 2009–2011. Water flow measurements indicate that 20.6–68.9% of drainage water captured by OFTs was reused for supplemental irrigation. Rainfall was the most important factor that determines the water reuse efficiency (WRR) of OFTs, since higher rainfall resulted in higher surplus irrigation water draining out of OFTs without reuse, and thus decreased WRR. Fully using the storage capacity for storing return flow, and releasing totally for supplemental irrigation also enhanced WRR of OFTs. Water quality analysis shows that OFTs removed 47.2% of total phosphorous (TP) and 60.8% of total nitrogen (TN) of inflow and have a great effect on increasing sedimentation for return flow as the mean of removal efficiency of pollutant load (REL) for suspended solids (SS) amounted to 68.4%. For water treatment effectiveness of OFTs, high hydraulic retention time (HRT) is most beneficial to increase REL of TN whereas REL of TP is not sensitive to HRT. These results confirm that OFTs can effectively increase agricultural return flow reuse and remove pollutants. As the cascade OFTs irrigation system recycle return flow for several times, the irrigation water demand from outside of region was reduced significantly for rice production. Coupling with the effect of cyclic irrigation on the nutrients recycling by paddy fields, OFTs irrigation system also considerably mitigate the N and P off-site emission. Therefore, it is advisable to integrate the role of OFTs on water reuse and treatment for water saving irrigation and ecological management of paddy fields landscape.     

Controlling non-point-source pollution by rural resource recycling. Nitrogen runoff in Tai Lake valley, China, as an example

Agricultural non-point-source (NPS) pollution is regarded as the dominant contributor to water quality degradation and eutrophication in China. Nitrogen (N) is a primary source of pollution in fresh water bodies. In this work a linear programming model was developed to simulate the effectiveness of different nitrogen runoff control policies, using Pinghu City in Tai Lake valley as an example. Four policy scenarios were tested: a tax at a rate equivalent to 50% of the cost of nitrogen fertilizer (S1); a ban on summer fertilizer applications to make the most use of fertilizer applied in the spring (S2); mandatory substitution of regular fertilizers by controlled-release fertilizers (S3); and a subsidy of US$300 ha⁻¹ (RMB￥150 mu⁻¹) for using compost (S4). The results indicate that all four policies would effectively reduce nitrogen runoff—by 9.8, 26.8, 14.4, and 80.0%, respectively. A subsidy for recycling domestic animal manure and utilizing compost had the most significant effect on the reduction of nitrogen runoff without reducing household income. This research suggests that measures to control agricultural NPS pollution should be combined with a policy to promote recycling of bio-resources and that financial support for NPS pollution control combined with bio-resource recycling should be regarded as one aspect of public investment in regional sustainable development.     

荷兰DSM化工厂生物除氮技术简介

本文主要介绍了荷兰DSM化工厂生物除氮技术     

Highly inhibited transport of dissolved thallium(I) in manganese oxide-coated sand: Chemical condition effects and retention mechanisms

Thallium contamination in water can cause great danger to the environment. In this study, we synthesized manganese oxide-coated sand (MOCS) and investigated the transport and retention behaviors of Tl(I) in MOCS under different conditions. Characterization methods combined with a two-site nonequilibrium transport model were applied to explore the retention mechanisms. The results showed that Tl(I) mobility was strongly inhibited in MOCS media, and the retention capacity calculated from the fitted model was 510.41 mg/g under neutral conditions. The retention process included adsorption and oxidative precipitation by the manganese oxides coated on the sand surface. Cotransport with the same concentration of Mn(II) led to halving Tl(I) retention due to competition for reactive sites. Enhanced Tl(I) retention was observed under alkaline conditions, as increasing pH promoted electronegativity on the media surface. Moreover, the competitive cation Ca²⁺ significantly weakened Tl(I) retention by occupying adsorption sites. These findings provide new insights into understanding Tl(I) transport behavior in water-saturated porous media and suggest that manganese oxide-coated sand can be a cost-effective filter media for treating Tl-contaminated water.     

Estimation of the nutrient inputs into river systems – experiences from German rivers

The nutrient discharges from point and diffuse sources in more than 200 German river basins were estimated for the periods 1983–1987 and 1993–1997 employing the MONERIS model. This model distinguishes between six diffuse pathways and point source emissions from waste water treatment plants and direct industrial discharges. It was estimated that the total nitrogen input into the German river systems amounts to about 819,000 t N year^–1 in the period 1993 to 1997. These emissions have decreased since the mid-eighties by about 266,000 t N year^–1, mainly caused by the reduction of point discharges. For phosphorus the emissions have been reduced by 56,290 t P year^–1 and amount to 37,250 t P year^–1 in the period 1993–1997. Based on emission data a retention module estimates riverine nutrient loads. The comparison of the model output with the observed loads shows a deviation as low as 30% and 50% for nitrogen and phosphorus, respectively. The regional resolution of the model indicates the relative importance of different pathways for phosphorus and nitrogen input into river systems. Electronic Publication     

四川盆地桢楠和马尾松人工林土壤磷截留及淋溶流失特征

为理解人工林土壤磷截留与淋溶流失特征随降水格局的变化,研究了2013年12月至2014年12月期间,四川盆地桢楠和马尾松人工林土壤磷元素在旱季早期、旱季末期、雨季早期、雨季中期和雨季末期5个关键时期的输入、淋溶输出和截留过程.通过连续采样,分析了水溶性全磷(TDP)、水溶性有机磷(DOP)和溶解性反应磷(DRP).研究结果表明,桢楠和马尾松林土壤对TDP的截留量别为2.65和0.84 kg·hm-2·a-1,土壤TDP淋溶输出量分别为1.10和3.23 kg·hm-2·a-1,其中,截留和淋失的土壤DOP占TDP的84%以上.桢楠和马尾松林土壤的磷截留和淋溶输出过程主要集中于旱季早期、旱季末期和雨季早期,并且两地土壤DOP和TDP的淋溶输出量及桢楠林土壤DOP和DRP的截留量都随这3个时期呈显著增加趋势,马尾松林土壤DRP的截留量随5个时期呈递减趋势,且雨季早期的土壤DOP的截留量为-0.46 kg·hm-2,表现为净流失.桢楠人工林土壤在雨季中期和雨季末期的DRP也表现为净流失.桢楠林土壤DRP的输入量和截留量与降水量呈显著正相关(p0.01),其输出量与降水量不相关.马尾松林土壤DOP和DRP的输入量、土壤DOP的截留量和土壤DRP的输出量与降水量显著正相关(p0.01).此外,桢楠和马尾松林土壤磷的淋溶输出和截留量与对应磷组分的输入量呈显著正相关(p0.01),但马尾松林土壤DOP的截留量与DOP的输入量不相关.由此可见,桢楠和马尾松人工林土壤磷的淋溶输出形式以DOP为主,主要发生在旱季和雨季早期.