氮氧化物生态环境中的转化及危害

在对氮氧化物污染引起奶牛亚硝酸中毒事件的调查基础上，通过室内模拟实验研究氮氧化物的转化过程及测定方法，探讨氮氧化物的生态环境中的转化规律，分析其危害途径和机理，研究表明氮氧化物中的二氧化氮遇水迅速反应生成硝酸和亚硝酸，而对生态环境和人畜产生危害。     

Selective catalytic reduction of nitrogen oxides over a modified silicoaluminophosphate commercial zeolite

Nitrogen oxides(NO_x:NO,NO_2)are a concern due to their adverse health effects.Diesel engine transport sector is the major emitter of NO_x.The regulations have been strengthened and to comply with them,one of the two methods commonly used is the selective catalytic reduction of NO_xby NH_3(NH_3-SCR),NH_3being supplied by the in-situ hydrolysis of urea.Efficiency and durability of the catalyst for this process are highly required.Durability is evaluated by hydrothermal treatment of the catalysts at temperature above 800°C.In this study,very active catalysts for the NH_3-SCR of NO_xwere prepared by using a silicoaluminophosphate commercial zeolite as copper host structure.Characterizations by X-ray diffraction(XRD),scanning electron microscopy(SEM)and temperature programmed desorption of ammonia(NH_3-TPD)showed that this commercial zeolite was hydrothermally stable up to 850°C and,was able to retain some structural properties up to950°C.After hydrothermal treatment at 850°C,the NO_xreduction efficiency into NH_3-SCR depends on the copper content.The catalyst with a copper content of 1.25 wt.%was the most active.The difference in activity was much more important when using NO than the fast NO/NO_2reaction mixture.     

Density functional and experimental study of NO/O2 on zigzag char

In this paper, quantum chemistry computation (density functional theory) of multi-air-staged combustion was investigated in combination with experiment. It was found that the presence of oxygen in the combustion environment has a great influence on the surface chemistry of coal char. In the reaction pathway, the ring-opening reaction happens first, and is followed by NO adsorption. Afterwards, the ring-closure reaction takes place, leaving the nitrogen atom trapped in the inner char molecule. This reaction route effectively inhibits NO formation and achieves the aim of controlling NO emissions. In the staged combustion experiments, the consumption of O₂/NO was accompanied by an increase in the CO₂ concentration. The quantum chemistry computation successfully interprets the recent experimental trends displayed in multi-air-staged combustion.     

英国城市污水营养物（氮和磷）去除技术研究进展

欧共体“都市污水处理指令”使得英国大部分城市污水必须进行除磷脱氮处理。为此，英国水处理公司已经完成了营养物去除技术研究和开发计划。本文回顾了英国污水营养物去除的历史经验和近期的研究进展。     

Adapting regional eutrophication targets for surface waters—influence of the EU Water Framework Directive, national policy and climate change

Large amounts of waterborne nutrients are major problems for society since they can cause harmful algal blooms in surface water bodies. Consequently, there are a variety of national and international guidelines, e.g. Swedish National Environmental Quality Objectives and the EU Water Framework Directive, which include targets to be achieved within a certain time frame. This paper uses the example of a large Swedish lake to show that national and international targets must be adapted to the local situations. Despite decreasing nutrient concentrations, cyanobacterial blooms in the lake have increased over recent years. We found that these blooms coincide with depleted nitrate–nitrogen concentrations and increased water temperatures. We propose a simple model with water temperature, nitrate–nitrogen and total phosphorus concentrations as input variables as a basis for formulation of regional eutrophication targets. Political decisions should be preceded by open discussion between policymakers and scientists to differentiate between real knowledge, assumptions or feelings. For optimal results, recommendations for reducing nutrient load should consider all sources, including urban stormwater and wastewater from rural houses, and should be founded on a balanced reduction in emissions of algae-available nutrients. In addition, climate change calls for more effective environmental policy to protect surface water resources.     

Peroxymonosulfate activation by Fe-N-S co-doped tremella-like carbocatalyst for degradation of bisphenol A: Synergistic effect of pyridine N, Fe-Nx, thiophene S

Bisphenol A (BPA) has received increasing attention due to its long-term industrial application and persistence in environmental pollution. Iron-based carbon catalyst activation of peroxymonosulfate (PMS) shows a good prospect for effective elimination of recalcitrant contaminants in water. Herein, considering the problem about the leaching of iron ions and the optimization of heteroatoms doping, the iron, nitrogen and sulfur co-doped tremella-like carbon catalyst (Fe-NS@C) was rationally designed using very little iron, S-C₃N₄ and low-cost chitosan (CS) via the impregnation-calcination method. The as-prepared Fe-NS@C exhibited excellent performance for complete removal of BPA (20 mg/L) by activating PMS with the high kinetic constant (1.492 min⁻¹) in 15 min. Besides, the Fe-NS@C/PMS system not only possessed wide pH adaptation and high resistance to environmental interference, but also maintained an excellent degradation efficiency on different pollutants. Impressively, increased S-C₃N₄ doping amount modulated the contents of different N species in Fe-NS@C, and the catalytic activity of Fe-NS@C-1-x was visibly enhanced with increasing S-C₃N₄ contents, verifying pyridine N and Fe-N_x as main active sites in the system. Meanwhile, thiophene sulfur (C-S-C) as active sites played an auxiliary role. Furthermore, quenching experiment, EPR analysis and electrochemical test proved that surface-bound radicals (^·OH and SO₄^⋅−) and non-radical pathways worked in the BPA degradation (the former played a dominant role). Finally, possible BPA degradation route were proposed. This work provided a promising way to synthesize the novel Fe, N and S co-doping carbon catalyst for degrading organic pollutants with low metal leaching and high catalytic ability.     

秸秆与游离发酵液接触比例对产沼气特性的影响

在中温(37±1)℃条件下,以破碎麦秸为原料,采用批次进料和消化液每天回流方式(发酵固含率为10%),通过在反应器底部设置不同高度的多孔滤板使秸秆与游离发酵液接触比例分别为100%(T1)、50%(T2)和0%(T3),研究秸秆与游离发酵液接触比例对产沼气特性的影响.结果表明:从产气特征和发酵前后VS变化来看,各处理均无明显差异,表明减少秸秆与游离发酵液的接触比例,对秸秆产沼气效果无影响,即通过渗滤液每天回流方式,未浸没于游离发酵液中的秸秆可以达到与浸没秸秆相同的传质效果,此结果为秸秆厌氧发酵工程中提高秸秆有效发酵浓度提供了理论依据.此外,试验还发现,T3处理中消化液与秸秆接触比例随发酵进程呈逐渐降低趋势,并于发酵第6d基本稳定,表明发酵系统中实际的游离发酵液量逐渐减少,分析认为秸秆物料对消化液有吸收和截持作用,发酵第6d后已达秸秆物料吸持水饱和状态(秸秆物料含固率为16.42%).     

铁氧体对活性污泥法处理生活污水的强化作用

为了提高活性污泥法处理生活污水的效率,采用铁氧体与生物法相结合方式处理生活污水。在生物反应器中投加磁化后的铁氧体粉末,在一定条件下驯化活性污泥。通过试验,得出了铁氧体的最佳投加量为375 mg/L。同普通活性污泥法相比,投加了375 mg/L铁氧体粉末的活性污泥对生活污水中COD和NH3-N的去除率分别提高了4.7%和26.5%;在各自的最佳运行条件下,投加铁氧体后反应器的水力停留时间缩短1 h。     

水文变化条件下农田溪流营养盐滞留效应模拟

以巢湖流域某一典型农田源头溪流为对象,基于溪流水文条件的动态变化性,从水文概率密度模型与营养盐滞留率模型综合集成角度,解析较长时间尺度下营养盐滞留有效流量的动态变化特征.在对水文概率密度模型Monte Carlo随机模拟的基础上,根据先前10次野外示踪实验获得的营养盐吸收速度等数据信息,定量评估溪流营养盐滞留的总体水平,估算最有效流量和等效流量.结果表明,农田溪流渠段的NH₄⁺、PO₄^3-滞留能力总体偏低,相应的期望滞留率分别为0.0671(6.71%)和0.0541(5.41%),最有效流量分别为0.0051,0.0049m³/s,功能等效流量分别为0.044,0.043m³/s.基于溪流营养盐吸收速度明显偏低的客观现状,有必要从溪流形态和河床地貌特征的改造着手,提升溪流水体营养盐滞留能力.     

两种碳源对聚磷菌种群结构及除磷脱氮性能的影响

分别以乙酸钠和丙酸钠作为有机碳源,利用序批式反应器系统对聚磷菌进行富集培养,通过高通量测序技术和化学分析,研究两种碳源对聚磷菌种类及除磷脱氮性能的影响。结果表明：稳定状态下,两者均取得良好的除磷率（＞94%）,丙酸钠对除磷的促进作用优于乙酸钠,丙酸钠对脱氮的促进作用低于乙酸钠;在科和属的水平上,丙酸钠系统的聚磷菌丰度均高于乙酸钠系统。