降雨径流时农田沟渠水体中氮、磷迁移转化规律研究

为有效阻控降雨条件下农田土壤流失氮、磷通过沟渠进入水体,通过对降雨时农田排水沟渠系统中总氮、总磷的测定和分析,研究降雨径流下沟渠系统水体中氮、磷的迁移转化规律和时空分布.结果表明,农田排水沟渠系统本身不太稳定,在外界条件(降雨)的作用下可以引起一系列的变化,同时农田排水沟渠系统又具有抗冲击可修复能力,可以使氮、磷的各项转化作用恢复.该特征使得总氮、总磷在沿程迁移过程中表现出一定的变化规律:总氮浓度沿程呈3次多项式曲线变化,总磷浓度整体呈指数递减变化;同时各断面的总氮、总磷自身转化也有其降解规律,总氮和总磷浓度随时间均呈3次多项式曲线变化.     

氮素在人工湿地基质中分布研究

介绍了一种改进的人工湿地，该湿地在传统潜流湿地的基础上，提高水流曲折性，改用渡形方式的流态，使污水反复多次地经过土壤基质．狄而增强了吸附、沉淀的效果，更为有效地提高污染物的去除效果。通过实验将传统湿地和渡式湿地进行比较，发现波式湿地出水COD和NH4^＋-N明显低于传统湿地；波式湿地的除氮效果也明显优于传统湿地。     

人工湿地在农业面源污染控制方面的应用

简述了人工湿地的类型及去除氮，磷，有机物的主要机理，人工湿地内植物的作用及其它一些问题，从而说明了人工湿地作为一种造价低，运行简单及管理方便的农业面源污染控制系统在我国尤其是广大城镇和农村地区具有良好的应用前景。     

淀浦河水体中氨氮、总氮和总磷污染变化趋势及相关性分析

根据2005年至2011年的监测结果,分析了淀浦河中下游河段的氨氮、总氮和总磷近几年污染变化趋势,并探讨了氨氮、总氮和总磷的相关性。结果表明,淀浦河总氮和总磷的年均浓度均超过水体富营养化的临界浓度,水体富营养化严重。氨氮、总氮和总磷相互之间存在显著相关性,可以通过氨氮、总氮和总磷中某一参数的测定,确定其他两个参数的数值范围,进而确定测定时的稀释倍数,有利于提高监测效率。     

无排泥条件下的膜-生物反应器系统处理焦化废水可行性研究

小试规模浸没式厌氧/缺氧/好氧-膜-生物反应器(A1/A2/O-MBR)系统用于处理实际焦化废水,在无排泥条件下连续运行160 d.考察了长期运行条件下系统对不同污染物的去除性能,并通过亲疏水组分分离和三维荧光光谱法,对进出水焦化废水中溶解性有机物(DOMs)特征进行分析.结果表明,A1/A2/O-MBR系统能稳定去除88.0%±1.6%的COD,99.9%的挥发酚,99.4%±0.2%的浊度和98.3%±1.9%的NH4+-N,相应的平均出水浓度分别为249 mg/L±44 mg/L、0.18 mg/L±0.05 mg/L、1.0NTU±0.2 NTU和4.1 mg/L±4.3 mg/L;最大TN去除率可达到74.9%.在系统160 d运行过程中,MLVSS/MLSS维持在90.2%±1.0%,没有出现无机物的积累;污泥的表观产率(MLVSS/COD)逐渐降低并最终稳定在0.035 kg/kg.在焦化废水DOMs的疏水酸性、疏水中性、疏水碱性和亲水物4种组分中,疏水酸性物是进出水中最主要的溶解性有机碳(DOC)和色度组分,分别占进出水总DOC的70%和67%,总色度的75%和76%.三维荧光光谱分析表明腐殖质类物质是系统出水中残留的主要难降解有机物和致色物质.     

总氮浓度对3种沉水植物生长的影响

在1/40 Hoagland营养液的基础上,采用NH4NO3为氮源,设定了2、4、8、16 mg·L-1 4个不同总氮浓度的培养液,以洗净的长江河沙为栽培基质,分别对3种我国湖泊中常见的沉水植物马来眼子菜(Potamogetonmalaianus)、苦草(Vallisneria natans)和黑藻(Hydrilla verticillata)进行了为期45d的水培试验,研究了水体中不同总氮浓度对3种沉水植物分枝数、根长、株高、鲜重等生长指标的影响,以期为富营养化水体中沉水植被的恢复与先锋物种的选择提供科学依据.结果表明,试验结束时不同处理的马来眼子菜的各项生长指标均显著增加,苦草没有产生新的分枝,黑藻的根长没有显著的增加;不同处理的3种沉水植物的鲜重在试验结束时均有显著增加,其增加的顺序表现为马来眼子菜＞苦草＞黑藻的趋势;植物株高和鲜重的净积累随处理浓度的升高而显著增加,根系的净伸长则随处理浓度的升高而显著降低.由于马来眼子菜所有的生长指标均表现出比苦草和黑藻有显著的生长优势,因此,在符合本试验条件的水体沉水植被的恢复过程中可以作为先锋植物.     

控制低溶解氧实现亚硝化的稳定性

以A/O除磷工艺的二级出水为进水,通过低溶解氧控制,实现了亚硝酸盐的稳定积累.为研究系统的稳定性,从3个方面分别研究了总氮损失、水力停留时间(HRT)和回流比(R)对稳定亚硝化的影响.结果表明,系统的表观亚硝化率受COD浓度影响,COD≤50mg/L时,表观亚硝化率降低,COD50mg/L时,表观亚硝化率会增加;延长和缩短HRT都对稳定亚硝化存在正反两方面影响,应根据实际情况进行动态控制;提高回流比会增加破坏稳定亚硝化的风险,以较低回流比0.5为宜.另外,低溶解氧浓度不会降低系统的亚硝化效率,在HRT=6h,R=0.5,t为22～24℃条件下,平均氨氮去除率达83%,氨氮去除负荷为0.28kg/(kg·d),亚硝酸盐积累率接近100%.     

九龙江库区河段的营养盐滞留效应

通过估算2007年我国南方溪流九龙江流域库区河段的NH4-N和TP的输送通量,探讨水库对营养盐的滞留效应。该河段径流量和营养盐通量均表现出丰水期高枯水期低的季节性特征。系统对NH4-N存在较强的正滞留效应,滞留率为32％,对总磷的滞留率为-10％,可能是河流“湖库化”导致河流沉积物中磷大量释放。     

Enhancing nitrogen removal from low carbon to nitrogen ratio wastewater by using a novel sequencing batch biofilm reactor

Removing nitrogen from wastewater with low chemical oxygen demand/total nitrogen (COD/TN) ratio is a difficult task due to the insufficient carbon source available for denitrification. Therefore, in the present work, a novel sequencing batch biofilm reactor (NSBBR) was developed to enhance the nitrogen removal from wastewater with low COD/TN ratio. The NSBBR was divided into two units separated by a vertical clapboard. Alternate feeding and aeration was performed in the two units, which created an anoxic unit with rich substrate content and an aeration unit deficient in substrate simultaneously. Therefore, the utilization of the influent carbon source for denitrification was increased, leading to higher TN removal compared to conventional SBBR (CSBBR) operation. The results show that the CSBBR removed up to 76.8%, 44.5% and 10.4% of TN, respectively, at three tested COD/TN ratios (9.0, 4.8 and 2.5). In contrast, the TN removal of the NSBBR could reach 81.9%, 60.5% and 26.6%, respectively, at the corresponding COD/TN ratios. Therefore, better TN removal performance could be achieved in the NSBBR, especially at low COD/TN ratios (4.8 and 2.5). Furthermore, it is easy to upgrade a CSBBR into an NSBBR in practice.     

Waste activated sludge treatment based on temperature staged and biologically phased anaerobic digestion system

The concept of temperature staged and biological phased （TSBP） was proposed to enhance the performance of waste-activated sludge anaerobic digestion. Semi-continuous experiments were used to investigate the effect of temperature （35 to 70℃） as well as the hydraulic retention time （HRT） （2, 4 and 6 days） on the acidogenic phase. The results showed that the solubilization degree of waste- activated sludge increased from 14.7% to 30.1% with temperature increasing from 35 to 70℃, while the acidification degree was highest at 45℃ （17.6%）, and this was quite different from the temperature impact on hydrolysis. Compared with HRT of 2 and 6 days, 4 days was chosen as the appropriate HRT because of its relatively high solubilization degree （24.6%） and acidification degree （20.1%） at 45℃. The TSBP system combined the acidogenic reactor （45℃, 4 days） with the methanogenic reactor （35℃, 16 days） and the results showed 84.8% and 11.4% higher methane yield and volatile solid reduction, respectively, compared with that of the single-stage anaerobic digestion system with HRT of 20 days at 35℃. Moreover, different microbial morphologies were observed in the acidogenic- and methanogenic-phase reactors, which resulted from the temperature control and HRT adjustment. All the above results indicated that 45℃ was the optimum temperature to inhibit the activity of methanogenic bacteria in the acidogenic phase, and temperature staging and phase separation was thus accomplished. The advantages of the TSBP process were also confirmed by a full-scale waste-activated sludge anaerobic digestion project which was an energy self-sufficient system.