低温SCR脱硝催化剂的研究进展

低温SCR技术可减少由高温和高尘引起的SCR催化剂的磨损、堵塞等。通过综述各类低温脱硝催化剂的研究现状,着重介绍了金属氧化物催化剂的制备方法以及载体、活性中心对脱硝率的影响和相关脱硝机理,总结了低温脱硝技术存在的问题并阐明了后续的发展方向。     

铬掺杂TiO2液相沉积膜可见光下降解甲基橙研究

实验用液相沉积法制备铬掺杂改性的二氧化钛(Cr-TiO2)薄膜电极,并在可见光下利用制备的电极对甲基橙溶液(MO)进行光电降解实验研究.并对制备的薄膜进行光电流(I-t)、交流阻抗(EIS)和Mott-Schottky等电化学相关表征.当掺杂浓度为0.2％时,薄膜电极具有最好的光电催化活性.在以0.2％ Cr-TiO2...     

钛基修饰锡锑铅氧化物电极制备及性能研究

采用高温热氧化法制备了钛基锡锑铅氧化物电极,并对不同使用时间的该电极进行SEM和EDX的研究。应用快速电极寿命法测试了该电极在60℃,1.0mol/LH2SO4溶液中的使用寿命。以甲基橙为目标有机物考察了该电极的电催化氧化性能。实验结果表明,该电极具有较长的使有寿命和较高的电催化活性。     

Decreased emission of nitrous oxide from delivery wards—case study in Sweden

The very potent greenhouse gas nitrous oxide (N₂O) is widely used as a mild anaesthetic for mothers in delivery work in Sweden. As a part of the Stockholm County Council environmental program it was decided in 2002 that the emissions should be drastically reduced. Different ways were theoretically evaluated, and catalytic splitting to nitrogen and oxygen gas (N₂ and O₂) was chosen for a demonstration installation. A Japanese commercial unit for treatment of mixed anaesthetic gases (Anesclean® from Showa Denko K.K.) was thoroughly modified and installed at the Karolinska University Hospital at Huddinge in Stockholm in 2004. The destruction of N₂O was optimised and studied for 2 years. Data from both collection and destruction are given in the article. Of the collected N₂O more than 95% was split to N₂ and O₂ in the very stable system. The overall emission decrease was mainly dependent on the share that could be collected in the specific exhaustion system as compared to the normal room ventilation. Life cycle assessment (LCA) and life cycle costing (LCC) were used to evaluate the actual environmental value and economical cost for the process. Important factors are pointed out.     

日本氮氧化物的排放标准研究

日本20世纪60年代开始经济迅速发展,但同时也带来了严重的大气污染问题。文章简单介绍了日本大气污染物的分类,再次分别从固定源和流动源二个方面梳理了日本氮氧化物的排放标准,并概述了日本实施氮氧化物排放标准的成效。最后总结了日本氮氧化物排放标准的特点：排放标准是根据排放氮氧化物的设备或设施的不同来区分的,且时间上都体现了新源比旧源严格的思想;日本的排放标准非常详细具体;汽车尾气的污染问题是日本大城市的氮氧化物污染难以改善的重要原因。     

厌气条件下百菌清对土壤N2O和CH4排放的影响

在密闭、淹水、充N2的严格厌氧条件下对土壤进行了14d的培养试验,研究了杀菌剂百菌清在添加水平为田间施用量（FR）(5.5 mg·kg-1),20倍(20FR)和40倍田间施用量(40FR)时对强酸性、酸性、中性和碱性土壤N2O和CH4排放的影响.结果表明,20FR和40 FR的百菌清能够显著促进N2O向N2的还原,降低N2O排放,在酸性、中性和碱性土壤中培养14d后,对照处理的N2O排放量为0.076~0.46mg·kg-1,而20FR和40FR处理的N2O排放量为0.004~0.06mg·kg-1,降低了１个数量级.反硝化作用和有机氮矿化作用强的土壤中,百菌清减少N2O排放作用更明显.反硝化底物NO-3的存在对CH4的产生与排放具有显著的抑制作用.在加入百菌清未对NO-3浓度产生显著影响的土壤中,百菌清对CH4排放量没有明显影响,在对NO-3浓度产生显著影响的土壤中,CH4排放量随着NO-3的增加而减少,说明百菌清可能通过影响反硝化过程中NO-3的消耗而影响CH4排放.     

长江溶存氧化亚氮的分布与释放

于2008年1月对长江宜昌到徐六泾段干流以及部分湖泊和支流入江口进行了调查,并于2007年6月到2008年5月对长江徐六泾进行了逐月调查,采样测定了长江溶存N2O的浓度并选择合适的模型估算了其释放通量.结果表明,2008年1月长江表层河水中N2O的平均浓度为(22.0±3.5)nmo·lL-1,均处于过饱和状态,平均饱和度为180%±33%,长江向大气释放N2O通量平均为(13.7±14.6)μmol·m-·2d-1.冬季长江溶存N2O的分布规律为下游溶存N2O浓度高于中游,支流及湖泊高于干流.长江徐六泾段河水中N2O全年平均浓度为(19.4±7.3)nmol·L-1,呈现明显季节变化特征.长江徐六泾段河水中N2O平均释放通量为(43.9±24.9)μmol·m-2·d-1,夏季最高可达80.7μmol·m-·2d-1.初步估算出长江每年向大气释放N2O-N的量为12.0Gg·a-1,约占整个中国N2O排放量的1.1%.而长江输入东、黄海N2O-N的年通量为0.5Gg·a-1,对长江口及其邻近海域N2O分布及氮的生物地球化学循环有重要影响.     

Catalytic reduction of nitric oxide with carbon monoxide on copper-cobalt oxides supported on nano-titanium dioxide

A series of copper-cobalt oxides supported on nano-titanium dioxide were prepared for the reduction of nitric oxide with carbon monoxide and characterized using techniques such as XRD, BET and TPR. Catalyst CuCoOx/TiO2 with Cu/Co molar ratio of 1/2, Cu- Co total loading of 30% at the calcination temperature of 350°C formed CuCo2O4 spinel and had the highest activity. NO conversion reached 98.9% at 200°C. Mechanism of the reduction was also investigated, N2O was mainly yielded below 100°C, while N2 was produced instead at higher temperature. O2 was supposed to accelerate the reaction between NOx and CO for its oxidation of NO to give more easily reduced NO2, but the oxidation of CO by O2 to CO2 decreased the speed of the reaction greatly. Either SO2 or H2O had no adverse impact on the activity of NO reduction; however, in the presence of both SO2 and H2O, the catalyst deactivated quickly.     

不同水分管理方式下水稻生长季N2O排放量估算：模型应用

基于田间原位测定结果,作者建立了不同水分管理方式下稻田N₂O排放估算的统计模型. 在模型验证和输入参数检验的基础上, 本研究应用模型估算了20世纪50～90年代我国稻田水稻生长季N₂O直接排放量. 结果表明, 由于水稻种植面积和氮输入量的增加、以及水分管理方式的变化, 稻田N₂O-N季节排放量从20世纪50年代平均每年9.55 Gg增加到了90年代每年32.26 Gg, 同期伴随着水稻单产的增加. 在20世纪50～90年代间, 我国水稻生产的N₂O-N排放量以平均每10 a6.74 Gg的速度递增. 20世纪50年代和90年代稻田N₂O-N季节排放通量平均分别为0.32 kg·hm^-2和1.00 kg·hm^-2, 相当于季节氮输入总量的0.37%和0.46%. 本研究模型估算50～90年代间稻田N₂O季节排放量的不确定性为59.8%～37.5%. 就全国稻田的不同种植区域而言, 长江中下游地区稻田水稻生长季N₂O排放量占全国稻田N₂O排放总量的51%～56%. 20世纪90年代水稻生长季N₂O排放量约占我国农田N₂O年总排放量的8%～11%. 相对于旱地作物而言, 过去几十年水稻生产的发展在很大程度上减缓了我国农业生产的N₂O排放. 然而, 随着水稻生产中节水灌溉的推广和氮肥施用量的增加, 我国稻田N₂O季节排放量预计将相应增加.     

Review of greenhouse gas emissions from crop production systems and fertilizer management effects

Fertilizer nitrogen (N) use is expanding globally to satisfy food, fiber, and fuel demands of a growing world population. Fertilizer consumers are being asked to improve N use efficiency through better management in their fields, to protect water resources and to minimize greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, while sustaining soil resources and providing a healthy economy. A review of the available science on the effects of N source, rate, timing, and placement, in combination with other cropping and tillage practices, on GHG emissions was conducted. Implementation of intensive crop management practices, using principles of ecological intensification to enhance efficient and effective nutrient uptake while achieving high yields, was identified as a principal way to achieve reductions in GHG emissions while meeting production demands. Many studies identified through the review involved measurements of GHG emissions over several weeks to a few months, which greatly limit the ability to accurately determine system-level management effects on net global warming potential. The current science indicates: (1) appropriate fertilizer N use helps increase biomass production necessary to help restore and maintain soil organic carbon (SOC) levels; (2) best management practices (BMPs) for fertilizer N play a large role in minimizing residual soil nitrate, which helps lower the risk of increased nitrous oxide (N₂O) emissions; (3) tillage practices that reduce soil disturbance and maintain crop residue on the soil surface can increase SOC levels, but usually only if crop productivity is maintained or increased; (4) differences among fertilizer N sources in N₂O emissions depend on site- and weather-specific conditions; and (5) intensive crop management systems do not necessarily increase GHG emissions per unit of crop or food production; they can help spare natural areas from conversion to cropland and allow conversion of selected lands to forests for GHG mitigation, while supplying the world's need for food, fiber, and biofuel. Transfer of the information to fertilizer dealers, crop advisers, farmers, and agricultural and environmental authorities should lead to increased implementation of fertilizer BMPs, and help to reduce confusion over the role of fertilizer N on cropping system emissions of GHGs. Gaps in scientific understanding were identified and will require the collaborative attention of agronomists, soil scientists, ecologists, and environmental authorities in serving the immediate and long-term interests of the human population.