小麦-玉米轮作制度下潮土硝态氮的分布及合理施氮肥研究

利用田间小区试验研究了小麦－玉米轮作中在不同施氮量和不同时期潮土1m土层中硝态氮的计中状况结果表明：3年不施氮肥的土壤仍有6～16kg／hm2的硝态氮,其中0～20cm土层占20％～34％．80％～100cm上层占10％～18％;每季施氨量小于225kg／hm2时．1m上层中各时期硝态氮含量变化不大,在11．4～41．3kg／hm2之间;当施氮量增加到375kg／hm2时,1m土层的硝态氮含量增加1．5～7．4倍,有7．4％～29．9％分布在0～20cm上层中,10％～16％分布在80～100cm上层中225kg／hm2对作物斋求及对土壤环境来说是一个合理的施只量。     

Main particulate matter components in Saxony (Germany)

Aerosol filter samples have been collected nearby the industrialised basin of Leipzig in Saxony (Germany) at the research station Melpitz of the Institut für Troposphärenforschung e.V. (IfT). Time series (1992–1998) and a three year comparison (1995–1997) of two different aerosol filter sampling systems, the Sierra-Andersen-PM 10 high volume sampler (daily sample, PM 10 inlet) and the Rupprecht and Patashnik Co. Inc. Model Partisol 2000 (weekly sample, PM 10 and PM 2.5 inlet) are presented and discussed. The comparison of the different sampling systems and strategies yields small differences between the daily and weekly samples for mass and different ions, which may be influenced by sampling duration and flow rates. A general trend of change in aerosol composition was observed: Soot and Sulphate concentrations decreased whereas Nitrate and Ammonium concentrations increased. During summers the mass of coarse particles is higher than in other seasons. One reason could be found in the occurence of longer periods of dry ground surfaces enabling reemission of crustal and biological material. The time series have been integrated in a longer historical aerosol mass trend for Saxony and do show a good agreement. Since 1990 a significant downward trend in gravimetric mass concentration was found.     

江津市紫色土中N、P养分元素区域空间变异性研究

利用地统计学,结合GIS研究紫色土土壤表层(0～20cm)的全氮、碱解氮、全磷和速效磷4种养分含量的空间分布特征结果表明,全氮和速效氮为正态分布,全磷和速效磷为对数正态分布;通过半方差函数分析,发现全氮存在纯块金效应,块金值为0.2,其它养分在一定间距内(50m)存在空间相关性,且为中等强度的空间自相关性(块金值与基台值之比在25%～75%之间);用普通克立格法和对数正态克立格法进行最优内插,做各种养分含量的分布图.结合GIS可充分了解土壤中N、P养分的空间变异性规律,并可进一步应用于精确施肥和农业非点源污染预测和控制.     

哑铃湾网箱养殖对水环境的影响

2002-04～2003-01对哑铃湾不同网箱养殖区水质和底泥的实地监测调查和分析表明,哑铃湾网箱养殖对环境的影响主要是:①使得养殖水环境中营养盐、BOD、COD、有机质和TSS增加,尤其是PO₄^3--P和NH₃-N增加更为明显;②使得底泥沉积物中N、P、硫化物、有机质等大量富集,其中富集现象最明显的是P、硫化物和NH₄-N,其次是TN和有机质.     

新生态MnO2吸附法处理水溶性阴离子染料废水的研究

研究了各种水溶性阴离子染料在新生态MnO2表面的脱色作用。结果表明,9种不同模拟染料废水(包括直接染料、酸性媒介染料、活性染料)的脱色效果均十分显著．且脱色过程受pH的影响较大。另外。通过CHN元素分析、差热分析、紫外光谱及滴定分析等测试手段．初步认为在酸性介质下．新生MnO2质子化的表面可以吸附阴离子型染料,从而将其去除。     

网箱养殖N、P物质平衡研究--以广东省哑铃湾网箱养殖研究为例

通过借鉴封闭系统水产养殖物质平衡的观测思路,把网箱当作黑箱,对广东省哑铃湾一个典型鱼排网箱养殖的物质平衡进行了观测和计算,建立了网箱养殖N、P物质平衡方程.结果表明,网箱养殖N、P物质的利用率比基塘、虾池等封闭系统要低得多,而且网箱养殖N、P的输入主要是投饵造成的,而输入的N、P物质,在水环境中发生一系列的迁移、转化,除了10%左右被利用收获外,其余的大部分被水动力带走,污染临近水域,还有一部分则沉积在底泥中,形成内源污染.     

China’s carbon neutrality: an extensive and profound systemic reform

● China has pledged ambitious carbon peak and neutrality goals for mitigating global climate change. ● Major challenges to achieve carbon neutrality in China are summarized. ● The new opportunities along the pathway of China’s carbon neutrality are discussed from four aspects. ● Five policy suggestions for China are provided. China is the largest developing economy and carbon dioxide emitter in the world, the carbon neutrality goal of which will have a profound influence on the mitigation pathway of global climate change. The transition towards a carbon-neutral society is integrated into the construction of ecological civilization in China, and brings profound implications for China’s socioeconomic development. Here, we not only summarize the major challenges in achieving carbon neutrality in China, but also identify the four potential new opportunities: namely, the acceleration of technology innovations, narrowing regional disparity by reshaping the value of resources, transforming the industrial structure, and co-benefits of pollution and carbon mitigation. Finally, we provide five policy suggestions and highlight the importance of balancing economic growth and carbon mitigation, and the joint efforts among the government, the enterprises, and the residents.     

新疆油田高含硫化氢区块污染防治措施研究

针对车89井区的高含硫问题,新疆油田研究出化学除硫、负压闪蒸除硫和催化曝气除硫技术以及相关的配套工艺,并成功进行了现场试验;同时,为杜绝在车89井区环境敏感区域内污染事故的发生,新疆油田加大内外环保宣传软硬件建设力度,并依据专业评价实施了一系列防控管理措施,达到了预防在先、技术在先、管理在先的工作目标。     

哑铃湾网箱养殖水体中N、P的形态特征及其季节变化调控机制

2002年4月～2003年1月四个季度,对哑铃湾典型网箱养殖区N、P几种形态含量进行了实地调查和分析。结果表明,在该养殖区,N、P的存在形态都以溶解态为主,各种形态的季节变化都受网箱养殖活动和浮游植物的生长状况综合调控;在该海域,从N/P值的角度来看,P是比较缺乏的,但是从浮游植物可利用的角度来看,无机磷却相对过剩。