典型工业园污染源羰基化合物排放特征研究

选取中国华东地区某工业园新区典型行业企业进行现场采样,利用PFPH衍生化-GC/MS联用技术进行羰基化合物(CBCs)的组成特征和含量水平检测,研究其排放特征。结果表明,在该工业园新区内共检出22种CBCs,各化合物的质量浓度为0.008~239.4μg/m~3,各企业CBCs总质量浓度均值为(437.62±64.45)μg/m~3,工业污染源排放贡献率由高至低顺序依次为涂料制造橡胶制造医药制造化学品制造金属制造电子元件制造。根据各物质化学反应活性及大气化学寿命,获得该工业园新区典型的CBCs分子标志物为甲醛、乙醛、丙酮、丙醛、2-丁酮、丁醛、己醛、环己酮和苯甲醛,它们占总CBCs含量的80.01%,其中乙醛含量最高,质量浓度均值高达(95.42±71.48)μg/m3。最后,建立了6种典型工业污染源CBCs成分谱。     

农业非点源污染对太湖水质的影响:发展态势与研究重点

太湖水污染的主要症结是水体中氮、磷不断富集导致的富营养化，而随着区内化肥用量的不断增加和集约化畜禽殖业的发展，流域内农业非点源营养物质的排放将保持持续上升的势头。要实现使太湖水变清的目的，必须把农业非点源营养物的排放控制在最低的水平，为了达到这一目标，今后应加强：（1）农业养分流失的定量化研究；（2）非点源污染物的转移转化特征研究；（3）农业非点源污染高风险区的识别；（4）农业非点源污染的控制与管理对策研究。     

提高自动监控运维管理质量的若干思考

针对排污企业在线自动监控系统管理存在主体责任履行不到位,第三方运维企业人员流动性大且技术素质参差不齐等问题,对照污染源自动监控系统相关法律法规和标准,结合多年的污染源自动监控系统监督核查管理经验,提出排污企业应尽量安装同一品牌同一型号的自动监控设施、建立针对第三方的监督考核机制,运维企业应制定长期有效的管理机制、建立自动监控设施运行动态管理台账等建议,以提升企业自动监控系统管理水平,确保自动监控数据真实、合法、有效,为企业生态环境管理决策提供有力支持。     

不同地域人发中重金属污染特征与来源解析

以某高校新生发样为研究样本,将生源地分为东北、西北、西南、华北、华南、华中、华东7个地域,采用电感耦合等离子发射光谱法对发样中所含铬、铜、镍、铅、锌进行测定,通过非参数检验及偏相关性检验分析不同地区发样中重金属含量与性别、身体质量指数(BMI)的关系。结果显示,所采集发样中铬、铜、镍、铅、锌的含量变化范围依次为0.22~101.84、0.36~112.24、0.70~128.75、1.39~136.13、1.12~719.50μg/g;发样中重金属浓度的地区排序为东北>华东>华北>西北>华中>西南>华南。聚类分析和主成分分析结果显示,不同地区发样中重金属的来源有所差异:东北、西北、华北地区发样中重金属可能主要来源于燃煤、工业生产过程、机动车排放,方差贡献率分别为39.47%、25.78%、22.89%;华中、华东、西南、华南地区发样中重金属可能主要来源于工业生产过程、机动车排放、冶金化工过程,贡献率分别为47.76%、27.51%、18.24%。相关性检验显示,男性发样内铬、铜、镍、铅含量高于女性。其中,偏胖或偏瘦女性存在较高的铅暴露风险;40.2%的男性发锌含量低于正常值下限,24.4%的女性发锌含量低于正常值下限,且偏瘦女性发内缺锌现象显著;男、女发铜含量高于正常值上限的比例分别为91.8%、85.6%,存在不同程度的铜暴露风险。     

新型碳源驯化的SRB去除酸性矿山废水中SO_4~(2-)最佳反应条件

针对硫酸盐还原菌(SRB)处理酸性矿山废水缺乏有效有机碳源问题,运用生活污水、鸡粪和锯末质量比80∶7∶3混合物的发酵液作为新型有机碳源驯化硫酸盐还原菌SRB,并研究SRB以该新型有机碳源作为营养物质在不同COD/SO2-4(C/S)值、pH值、初始硫酸根(SO2-4)浓度、重金属离子(Fe2+、Mn2+、Cu2+和Zn2+)浓度条件下对SO2-4的去除效果,以确定SRB去除SO2-4的最佳反应条件。实验结果表明,在厌氧环境SRB接种量8%、生长温度35℃、转速50 r/min、C/S为1.5~2.0、pH值6~7、初始SO2-4浓度≤3 000 mg/L、Fe2+在100~300 mg/L、Mn2+为35 mg/L时反应条件最佳,SO2-4去除率均可达90%以上;其中Fe2+浓度≤500 mg/L、Mn2+浓度≤140 mg/L时均会促进SRB对SO2-4的还原,当Fe2+浓度≥600mg/L时会严重抑制SRB,Mn2+浓度140 mg/L时会抑制SRB;Cu2+、Zn2+的存在对SRB均有影响,当Cu2+浓度15 mg/L时、Zn2+浓度45 mg/L时对SRB均有抑制作用。新型有机碳源可作为SRB的优良有机碳源,同时可实现以废治废的目的。该成果为实际应用提供了参考。     

Determination of PCDDs,PCDFs, PCBs and HCB emissions from the metallurgical sector in Poland

Background The aim of the project was to measure the actual emissions of PCDD/F, PCBs and HCB from 20 selected metallurgical installations in Poland, in order to update the national inventory of dioxin emission from metallurgical industry for developing a strategy for dioxins and furans emission abatement from the subject facilities (UNEP 2005). Methods Sampling methodology used in this work was developed at the Cracow University of Technology because of the complexity of simultaneous sampling and determining PCDFs, PCDDs, PCB and HCB. For the determination a GC-MS/MS system was used. Results and Discussion Results from the work indicate that the highest dioxins and PCB concentrations were recorded for iron ore sintering plants at 1.10–1.32 ng total¹ TEQ/Nm³ followed by aluminium scrap melting at 0.03–0.66 ng total TEQ/Nm³. The highest HCB concentrations at 613–1491 ng/Nm³ were also recorded for iron ore sintering plants, whereas at aluminium plants the HCB concentrations were in the range of only 10.1–22.7 ng/Nm³. Conclusions The above investigations indicate that secondary aluminium production is the most significant dioxins source, if calculated as emission factor values. However, iron ore sintering plants are operating at much higher production capacity, causing this process to become the major source of dioxins, PCB and HCB pollution to the atmosphere in Poland. Recommendations and Perspectives Based on the performed tests and the environmental reviews of selected plants several recommendations were formulated for the reduction of generation or of emission of these pollutants from iron ore sintering plants, electric arc furnace steel production processes, hot-blast furnace operations, secondary aluminium smelting and primary zinc production from zinc cathodes.     

The Radial Increment and Stemwood Element Concentrations of Scots Pine in the Area Influenced by the Narva Power Plants in Northeast Estonia

Soil is an important component of a watershed. Understanding soils and their interactions with the other components are, thus, considered to be critical and essential for conservation of resources and management of the watershed. Development of soil sampling and analysis programs are crucial for these purposes. Site-specific soil data are needed to identify current soil characteristics, as well as to validate datasets gathered for watershed-scale modelling of non-point sources (NPS) of pollutants arising from various land-use activities, hydrodynamics and water quality. The Koycegiz Lake–Dalyan Lagoon watershed, located in the southwest of Turkey along the Mediterranean Sea Coast, was selected as the study area for watershed modelling purposes. Development of soil sampling plans, their practical optimization, soil analyses and interpretation are presented in this article. The soil analyses conducted include physical, chemical and specific soil characteristics. Within the framework of this study, soil fertility parameters are presented and evaluated. Such an approach used is recommended for especially developing countries where up-to-date data sets are not fully available and/or centrally publicized.     

饮用水水源地防控与预警体系研究

根据全国饮用水水源地调查和现行政策法规,结合江苏省及泰州市饮用水水源地专项整治情况,全面分析了饮用水水源地防控和预警工作中存在的问题,借鉴国外饮用水水源地防控预警的特色做法,阐述了适合中国国情的饮用水水源防控及预警的十项保护措施。     

长江南京段重点污染源有机污染物的定性分析

参考美国EPA相关分析方法,利用气相色谱-质谱联用仪对沿江重点污染源入江废水中有机物状况进行定性分析,共检出18类82种有机物,其中13种属中国优先控制污染物,分属6类有机物;10种属美国EPA优先控制污染物,分属7类有机物。通过查明入江污染源有机污染状况,为环境风险事故防范和应急预案的建立提供了科学依据。     

挥发酚在线监测技术在苏州市水源地预警监测的应用

酚污染正严重威胁着饮用水源地的供水安全,迫切需要开展挥发酚实时预警监测。从挥发酚在线监测系统构架、监测方法验证、在线监测功能完善、运维周期及成本核算、应急预警功能实现等方面,介绍了挥发酚在线监测技术在苏州市饮用水源地的应用经验,以期进一步完善水源水预警监测体系。