Understanding behaviour to inform water supply management in developed nations – A review of literature, conceptual model and research agenda

Water is a scarce resource in many parts of the developed world. Two solutions are possible to address water scarcity: conservation of existing resources, or the further production of water from new sources e.g. through recycling of wastewater or desalination of seawater. However, the main hurdle to implementation of many of these solutions is often viewed as a lack of public willingness to adopt these alternative water behaviours. Research in this area is therefore crucial. Yet, and possibly due to the interdisciplinary nature of such research, there is currently no comprehensive overview of what has been done before. This study fills this gap by (1) choosing a general consumer behaviour perspective as a starting point, (2) developing a conceptual model of research required in the area of water-related public acceptance studies, (3) identifying eight key water-related behaviours which require future research attention, and (4) reviewing which areas of the conceptual model have been investigated in the past by conducting an extensive literature review of water-related social science research.The review established that the majority of work which has been conducted is located at the cross-roads of personal characteristics and behavioural intentions. Significant gaps exist in relation to researching the adoption of a wide range of demand-side water behaviours. This indicates a dominance of supply-side solutions in social-research exploration. The review identifies a number of research needs including: the exploration of actual adoption of water-related behaviours (rather than behavioural intentions); and to widen the scope of water behaviour enquiry to include more demand-side solutions. Given the increasing scarcity of water in many areas of the world, addressing these identified gaps will be of significant importance. Thus our model informs the social-research agenda for water policy.     

苏南农村地区大气PM2.5元素组成特征及其来源分析

为了解苏南农村地区大气细颗粒物的污染水平及其可能的来源,在2002年7月-2003年1月的夏、秋、冬3个季节对雪堰镇和太湖站PM_2.5进行采样和分析,得到了PM_2.5和14种组成元素的质量浓度.研究表明,苏南农村地区PM_2.5的污染水平较高,S,Zn,Pb和As 4种污染元素的质量浓度水平与城市接近;组成元素的季节分布规律存在区域差异,这可能与局地源的贡献,大气细颗粒物中、长距离传输以及复杂的气象条件有关.因子分析结果表明,土壤源、燃煤源、冶金或垃圾焚烧和汽车尾气4类源对PM_2.5有明显贡献,说明人类活动对苏南农村地区PM_2.5具有重要影响.      

城市水环境控制单元污染物入河量估算方法

在资料不全且无法进行试验的地区,为了估算污染物进入目标水体的负荷,需要充分利用易获得的数据.使用污染源普查数据和土地利用数据,同时考虑距离对污染物入河过程的影响,来估算水环境控制单元内的污染物入河量.大辽河水环境控制单元营口段是以城区污染为主的城市水环境控制单元,以大辽河水环境控制单元营口段为例估算控制单元内污染物入河量,并进行分析.结果表明使用污染源普查数据和土地利用数据,在根据距离考虑入河系数的情况下能够较准确的估算出污染物入河量,可以为后期进行水环境容量核定工作提供基础数据,同时为城市规划管理者提供制定减排政策的依据.     

Probabilistic Linkage of Police and Emergency Department Sources of Information on Motor-Vehicle Injury Cases: a Proposal for Improvement

Data on traffic injury cases that includes both the crash circumstances and the health outcome is a key tool for creating appropriate motor-vehicle injury prevention policies. The aim of this study was to explore the feasibility of the probabilistic linkage of police and emergency department data relating to motor-vehicle injury cases in Barcelona. A probabilistic linkage process was performed using local police reports (n = l2,481) and hospital emergency department data (n = 16,733) for all traffic injury cases that occurred in 1997. In almost two out of every three matched pairs for the injured person, at least five of the seven variables coincided, and in 7.3% of the cases all variables coincided. This work has allowed the empirical development of combined methods for the linkage of police and healthcare sources of information at the local level, which are the preliminary steps towards the construction of a data base that would include full information on the circumstances and the consequences of motor-vehicle crashes.     

新冠疫情下武汉典型饮用水水源中DBPs污染特征与风险评估

为了揭示新冠肺炎疫情下武汉典型饮用水水源中消毒副产物（DBPs）的污染特征与风险水平,选取武汉典型饮用水源地26个采样点位,采用N,N-二乙基-1,4-苯二胺分光光度法和气相色谱仪-微池电子捕获检测器（GC-μECD）法分别对水体中残余氯消毒剂和DBPs进行了检测,并开展健康与生态风险评估.结果表明,26个点位中有16个检出了游离氯或总余氯,检出最大浓度为0.04 mg·L^-1,部分点位游离氯超过了国家地表水标准,靠近城市污水厂排水口的点位浓度相对较高.对10个代表性点位进行了34种DBPs的检测,有24种物质被检出,检出率为10.00%～100.00%;ρ（总DBPs）浓度范围为0.11～104.73μg·L^-1,平均值为7.26μg·L^-1.三氯甲烷检出浓度最高,浓度范围为9.98～11.15μg·L^-1,平均值为10.47μg·L^-1;一溴一碘乙酰胺检出浓度最低,浓度范围为ND～0.11μg·L^-1,平均值为0.01μg·L^-1...     

基于不同漏风源浅埋煤层采空区自燃“三带”分布规律研究*

为解决浅埋自燃煤层采空区因地表及工作面漏风而自燃的难题,以沙坪煤矿1818工作面为例,利用SF6示踪法检测采空区地表漏风通道和风速,利用FLUENT数值模拟分析不同漏风源采空区自燃“三带”分布的特征,并通过现场束管测试结果对比分析浅埋煤层采空区地表漏风对自燃“三带”分布的影响,同时限定工作面最小推进速度,确保工作面的安全生产。研究结果表明:地表漏风风速为0.06～0.30 m/s,漏风通道多且复杂;相比于工作面单一漏风源,有地表漏风存在时,自燃危险性加大;限定工作面最小推进速度为1.24 m/d。因此,多漏风源煤层开采条件下自燃“三带”分布的确定对浅埋藏自燃煤层采空区遗煤自燃预测预报及预防工作具有重要的指导和借鉴意义。     

高风险移动放射源风险管控模糊综合评价

根据高风险移动放射源辐射安全风险特点与辐射事故经验反馈,结合辐射安全监管部门和企业实际,在充分调研的基础上,构建高风险移动放射源辐射安全风险管控评价指标体系,体系分为目标层、准则层和方案层,准则层8项指标,方案层40项指标。采用层次分析法确定各指标权重,运用模糊综合评价方法对甘肃省7家高风险移动放射源企业进行评价,结果表明决策层指标权重较大,与实际情况相符。     

贵州省务川汞矿区土法炼汞过程中汞释放量的估算

通过对酸性水溶液、含Fe³⁺水溶液、含Fe²⁺水溶液、细菌菌液和细菌培养基水溶液脱除二氧化硫的实验,探讨了微生物液相氧化二氧化硫的途径.以液相中SO₄^2-浓度考察了Fe³⁺浓度、Fe²⁺浓度、进口SO₂浓度以及温度对脱硫成酸的影响.微生物脱硫有2种机制:一是直接氧化作用,即氧化亚铁硫杆菌(Thiobacillus ferrooxidans)将S(IV)氧化成S(VI);二是间接催化氧化,氧化亚铁硫杆菌在酸性条件下具有快速氧化Fe²⁺成Fe³⁺,增强Fe³⁺对SO₂的液相催化氧化能力,研究表明微生物脱硫以间接催化氧化为主.在浓度0～1.2g/L之间,Fe³⁺和Fe²⁺浓度越高,脱硫效果越好,氧化亚铁硫杆菌表现出对Fe³⁺/Fe²⁺体系氧化SO₂的强化效果.入口SO₂浓度越高,细菌脱硫效率越低,但液相中SO₄^2-浓度随进口SO₂浓度增加变化不大.温度对微生物脱硫影响较大,最佳脱硫温度为30～40℃.     

Trace Organic Matter in the Ria Formosa, Portugal

The Ria Formosa lagoon, Portugal, receives organic matter from many natural and anthropogenic sources. This paper presents an overview of the contribution these sources made through the use of lipid biomarkers. Sixty-one surface sediment samples were collected and analysed for a range of lipids. Sewage materials were confined to regions within 2 km of discharge points; phytoplankton biomarkers (sterols and fatty acids) suggest production was greatest in the inner parts of the lagoon that also have greatest inorganic nutrient enrichment; terrestrial organic matter was present in relatively low concentrations as shown by both sterol and fatty alcohols; bacteria were widespread although the Sulphate Reducing Bacteria (SRBs, shown by the presence of 3-OH fatty acids) were located near but not adjacent to sewage discharge points.     

大气棕色碳的研究进展与方向

有机气溶胶是大气气溶胶的重要组成部分.近年来,部分有机气溶胶被证实在紫外-近可见光波段能进行有效光吸收.吸光有机气溶胶(即棕色碳)已成为当前国际大气环境领域的研究热点之一,其吸光贡献对辐射强迫、区域空气质量、全球气候变化的影响备受关注.中国城市群区域大气复合污染严重,2013年1月以来,大尺度区域能见度降低、灰霾现象频繁发生.研究表明,中国大气棕色碳的负荷高,其重要贡献源类如生物质与化石燃料燃烧等排放量大,棕色碳在中国大气细颗粒物总消光中的贡献及其辐射强迫亟需评估.然而,棕色碳的基础研究还较为薄弱,特别是对它的组成及来源的认识仍十分有限.本文旨在指出在中国开展大气棕色碳研究的紧迫性和必要性,并从棕色碳的来源、组成、测量方法、浓度分布、光学特性、辐射强迫贡献等角度介绍目前国际研究进展,提出现有问题与不足,以及对未来研究方向的建议,以促进对棕色碳的认识与了解,为中国在该领域的研究提供参考和依据.