黄河上游水体中砷的来源及迁移初探

在对黄河上游水体及沿岸表层土壤、底泥中的砷进行监测分析的基础上,对水体中砷的来源、迁移过程进行了初步探索。结果表明:黄河上游沿岸土壤中砷的含量偏高,水体中的砷来源于沿岸的土壤。     

Genetic algorithm optimisation of water consumption and wastewater network topology

Genetic algorithm (GA) optimisation applied to water systems with multiple contaminants and several contaminated sources is presented. This approach generates the overall optimal water network topology with respect to the minimum supply water usage, complying, in the same time, with all restrictions. An optimal water network could be viewed as an oriented graph, starting from unit operations which must not have contaminants at entrance (inlet contaminants-free unit operations), every next unit operation i receiving streams from the previous operations j only (j = 1, 2,…,i−1), and sending streams to the next operations j (j = i + 1, i + 2,…,N). The mathematical model describing the unit i is based upon total and contaminant species’ mass balances, together with the input and output constraints. Solving this optimisation problem is not trivial, since the unknowns' number, determines the number of equations. The GA optimisation uses each network's internal flow as a gene, assembling the topology into a chromosome. The restrictions, in terms of minimum and maximum allowable flows for each gene, are dealt with naturally, during the population generation, simply rejecting those genes outside their feasible domain. The individuals are interbred according to their frequency of selection, using the one-point crossover method, and then mutations are applied to randomly selected individuals. The objective function is the total supply water consumption, which should be minimised.     

秦皇岛市环境噪声变化趋势分析与防治对策

以秦皇岛市2001-2010年的噪声监测资料为依据,通过对环境噪声变化趋势的分析,发现秦皇岛市环境噪声源主要为社会生活噪声、交通噪声、工业噪声,并提出了相关防治对策。     

沉积盆地地下水无机氮来源示踪及其演化模式

以我国沉积型盆地三江平原的典型农业区抚远地区为例，采用水化学法和GIS技术分析区域水化学成因作用及无机氮素的污染特征，利用氮氧双稳定同位素分布特征及稳定同位素解析模型（SIAR）确定氮素来源及各污染源贡献比，基于对影响氮素浓度变化的多项因素的认识，建立区域氮素的水化学演化模式.结果表明：研究区地下水中氨氮超标率为56.52%，毫克当量百分数平均值占无机氮总量的55.50%，是地下水无机氮素中污染影响程度最大的指标；土壤有机氮、厩肥污水和氨态化肥是径流补给区氮素的主要污染来源，各污染端元贡献比由大到小依次为40.49%、30.24%和29.27%.地下水补给区是氨氮污染最重的区域，排泄区是硝酸盐氮污染相对严重的区域，氧化还原条件是影响氮素浓度的关键因素；在氮素的时空演化过程中，除二级阶地仍保持天然水化学状态外，一级阶地和漫滩区的氮素浓度均有不同程度的升高.     

中美能源结构的战略分析

通过对世界能源资源储备、能源消费状况和中美能源结构分析,提出各国需要建立能源基金,合理调整能源结构的战略构想。     

由两起事故谈多能源设备的能源隔离措施

分析了两起因能量意外释放导致的伤害事故,制定了具备多能源设备的锁定和挂牌的安全作业流程,并提出预防事故的措施.     

基于地衣植物监测法的我国西南高山地区大气铅污染研究

通过对我国西南(云南、四川)13个高山地区地衣植物—长松萝(Usnea longissima)中铅(Pb)含量及其稳定同位素组成(208Pb/206Pb和207Pb/206Pb)的测定与分析,并且与土壤Pb含量进行对比,探讨了该地区大气Pb污染及其来源特征.结果表明,各地区长松萝中Pb的含量范围为1.5~64.5mg/kg,在临近城市及有色金属产区含量较高,与土壤中Pb含量(7.6~113.9mg/kg)空间变化一致;不同采样区长松萝与土壤中Pb含量呈典型正相关关系(r=0.919, P<0.01),长松萝Pb含量反映了区域大气Pb污染程度差异.长松萝中208Pb/206Pb和207Pb/206Pb同位素比值范围分别为2.099~2.123和0.852~0.874.通过与主要潜在污染源Pb同位素对比分析,认为我国西南高山地区大气Pb污染主要源自该地区铅锌矿冶炼释放,并且还可能受到来自缅甸含铅汽油源的影响.     

鄱阳湖表层沉积物有机碳、氮同位素特征及其来源分析

通过对鄱阳湖及其主要入湖河流(赣江、抚河、信江、修水及饶河)15个表层沉积物样品中有机碳(TOC)、氮(TN)、C/N值、δ13C及δ15N含量的测定,分析探讨了鄱阳湖及其主支流沉积物有机质和氮素来源.结果表明:鄱阳湖湖区表层沉积物中TOC的含量(干重)在0.63%~1.86%之间,平均值为(1.15±0.35)%(n=9),比其主支流TOC含量高; TN含量变化范围为0.06%~0.16%,平均值为(0.10±0.03)%(n=9),各入湖河流表层沉积物有机质TN含量处在0.03%~0.08%之间,平均值为(0.06±0.02)%(n=6).鄱阳湖湖区沉积物中有机质的碳、氮稳定同位素变化范围分别为-25.66‰~-12.56‰和3.51‰~6.27‰,平均值分别为(-22.48±4.10)‰和(4.71±0.95)‰(n=9).各入湖河流沉积物δ13C和δ15N值含量范围分别为-25.24‰~-19.55‰和0.94‰~4.64‰,平均值分别为(-23.27±2.42)‰和(3.19±1.30)‰(n=6).有机质来源分析表明:土壤有机质、水生维管束植物和浮游植物是鄱阳湖及其主要入湖河流沉积有机质主要的3种来源,其中土壤有机质的贡献最大;土壤有机质和人工合成肥料是其沉积物氮素主要来源,对于入湖河流来说,人工合成肥料贡献更大.     

A 14-year measurement of toxic elements in atmospheric particulates in Hong Kong from 1995 to 2008

Toxic elements in the atmosphere can enter and accumulate in the human body, seriously impacting human health. In this study, we analyzed a 14-year （1995-2008） measurement of three toxic elements （As, Cd and Cr） in PMlo in Hong Kong, China. The pollution of these toxic elements in Hong Kong was not serious. The trend analysis showed that As and Cr in PM10 increased at a statistically significant level （p〈0.05） during the 14-year period, while the Cd in PM10 did not change significantly. Typical seasonal variations were observed for all three toxic elements, largely in relation to the Asian monsoon. Hourly 10-day backward trajectories were computed and cate- gorised into four groups. The continental air masses showed much higher concentrations of the three toxic elements than the marine air masses. The abundances of As and Cd in the PM10 were much higher in the continental air masses than those in the marine air masses, while the abundances of Cr showed an opposite pattern. The trends of the three toxic elements in East China＇s air mass were consistent with those in the overall data set ofHong Kong. Examination of the toxic element data recorded at urban sites and a roadside site also indicated a large contribution of external air masses to particulate As and Cd in Hong Kong. These results suggest that the long-range transport from the mainland of China is the dominant contributor to particulate As and Cd, while both local and long-distance sources determine the particulate Cr in Hong Kong.     

应用UNMIX模型解析长春市大气中PM10来源

大气中可吸入颗粒物（PM10）是影响大气能见度、气候变化以及人体健康的重要污染物,研究大气中PM10的污染来源对于了解城市中大气的污染状况和制定大气污染物防治措施具有重要的意义。选择长春市的净月公园、劳动公园、君子兰公园、体育学院、儿童公园、客车医院、工商学院和邮电学院作为受体采样点,于2011年9月至2012年2月期间,采用KC-120型中流量PM10/TSP采样器（青岛崂山应用研究所）进行大气中可吸入颗粒物PM10的采样,共采集40个受体样品。样品经预处理后,采用电感耦合等离子体质谱法分析了样品中的Be、V、Cr、Mn、Co、Ni、Cu、Zn、Mo、Ag、Cd、Sb、Ba、Tl、Pb、Na、Mg、K、Ca共19种无机元素,将经过标准化后的760个数据代入EPA UNMIX6.0软件对长春市大气中PM10进行源解析研究,其中,Min Rsq=0.89（89%的数据方差可由该模型解释）,Min Sig/Noise=2.50。结果表明：长春市大气中的PM10主要有3个来源：源1为燃煤尘或工业扬尘,贡献率为19.5%;源2为机动车尾气或土壤风沙尘,贡献率为13.1%,源3为城市综合扬尘和其他未知尘源,贡献率为67.4%。对这3个源进行相关性分析,3个源间的相关系数并不是理论值0,而是在-0.553~0.345间变化;源1和源3间相关性最大,相关系数为0.553;其次是源1与源2,为0.345。由此说明,长春市的PM10污染是多种因素综合作用的结果。将UNMIX模型的解析值与测量值进行回归分析,发现总物种的解析值与测量值间具有良好的线性正相关关系（r2=0.98）,每个物种的解析值与测量值间的相关系数为0.713~0.980,相关性强,二者拟合效果较好。