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71.
岷江水系河水与沉积物中稀土,稀有元素背景值及其特征初探 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
报告了岷江水系河水及沉积物中8种稀土元素(La,Ce,Nd,Sm,Eu,Tb,Yb,Lu)及8种稀有元素(Rb,Cs,Sr,Ba,Sb,Th,Sc,U)的背景值及其特征,并对元素的排列顺序及元素间的相关关系进行了初步探索,还列出了16种元素在原水同积物中的相关矩阵及相互间的相关回归方程。 相似文献
72.
Understanding the effects of different social data on selecting priority conservation areas
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Conservation success is contingent on assessing social and environmental factors so that cost‐effective implementation of strategies and actions can be placed in a broad social–ecological context. Until now, the focus has been on how to include spatially explicit social data in conservation planning, whereas the value of different kinds of social data has received limited attention. In a regional systematic conservation planning case study in Australia, we examined the spatial concurrence of a range of spatially explicit social values and land‐use preferences collected using a public participation geographic information system and biological data. We used Zonation to integrate the social data with the biological data in a series of spatial‐prioritization scenarios to determine the effect of the different types of social data on spatial prioritization compared with biological data alone. The type of social data (i.e., conservation opportunities or constraints) significantly affected spatial prioritization outcomes. The integration of social values and land‐use preferences under different scenarios was highly variable and generated spatial prioritizations 1.2–51% different from those based on biological data alone. The inclusion of conservation‐compatible values and preferences added relatively few new areas to conservation priorities, whereas including noncompatible economic values and development preferences as costs significantly changed conservation priority areas (48.2% and 47.4%, respectively). Based on our results, a multifaceted conservation prioritization approach that combines spatially explicit social data with biological data can help conservation planners identify the type of social data to collect for more effective and feasible conservation actions. 相似文献
73.
CHRIS SANDBROOK IVAN R. SCALES BHASKAR VIRA WILLIAM M. ADAMS 《Conservation biology》2011,25(2):285-294
Abstract: Debate on the values that underpin conservation science is rarely based on empirical analysis of the values conservation professionals actually hold. We used Q methodology to investigate the values held by international conservation professionals who attended the annual Student Conference in Conservation Science at the University of Cambridge (U.K.) in 2008 and 2009. The methodology offers a quantitative means of examining human subjectivity. It differs from standard opinion surveys in that individual respondents record the way they feel about statements relative to other statements, which forces them to focus their attention on the issues they believe are most important. The analysis extracts the diverse viewpoints of the respondents, and factor analysis is used to reduce the viewpoints to a smaller set of factors that reflect shared ways of thinking. The junior conservation professionals attending the conference did not share a unifying set of core values; rather, they held a complex series of ideas and a plurality of opinions about conservation and how it should be pursued. This diversity of values empirically challenges recent proposals for conservation professionals to unite behind a single philosophy. Attempts to forge an artificial consensus may be counterproductive to the overall goals conservation professionals are pursuing. 相似文献
74.
75.
This article is based on an international comparative study analysing innovations in national administrative institutions.
Results of that research are presented and discussed here. Against the background of the institutionalising process of political
institutions the study focused on innovations initiated or introduced by governments or parliaments by example of policies
and politics supporting sustainable development. The countries involved in the original study were Belgium, Denmark, Finland,
France, Germany, the Netherlands, Sweden and the United Kingdom. Three general lessons can be drawn: (1) Countries with a
long tradition of integrated environmental policy-making are more open to the concept of sustainability. (2) A (institutional)
“cure-all” solution does not seem to exist. It seems necessary to diffuse the concept of sustainability into all spheres of
politics and society. Reaching this strategic goal requires a specific policy and polity mix. (3) Strong and well-equipped
institutions result from specific policies and politics: they play a central role in promoting and intensifying sustainable
development. Successful innovations integrating SD into everyday politics and policies are only a very first step though.
Further improvements with regard to effective participation and public debate, global orientation of policies and the measurability
of achieved progress are necessary. 相似文献
76.
77.
Abstract: The unit of trade in ecosystem services is usually the use of a proportion of the parcels of land associated with a given service. Valuing small changes in the provision of an ecosystem service presents obstacles, particularly when the service provides non‐use benefits, as is the case with conservation of most plants and animals. Quantifying non‐use values requires stated‐preference valuations. Stated‐preference valuations can provide estimates of the public's willingness to pay for a broad conservation goal. Nevertheless, stated‐preference valuations can be expensive and do not produce consistent measures for varying levels of provision of a service. Additionally, the unit of trade, land use, is not always linearly related to the level of ecosystem services the land might provide. To overcome these obstacles, we developed a method to estimate the value of a marginal change in the provision of a non‐use ecosystem service—in this case conservation of plants or animals associated with a given land‐cover type. Our method serves as a tool for calculating transferable valuations of small changes in the provision of ecosystem services relative to the existing provision. Valuation is achieved through stated‐preference investigations, calculation of a unit value for a parcel of land, and the weighting of this parcel by its ability to provide the desired ecosystem service and its effect on the ability of the surrounding land parcels to provide the desired service. We used the water vole (Arvicola terrestris) as a case study to illustrate the method. The average present value of a meter of water vole habitat was estimated at UK£12, but the marginal value of a meter (based on our methods) could range between £0 and £40 or more. 相似文献
78.
George E. Radosevich Evan C. Vlachos Gaylord V. Skogerboe 《Journal of the American Water Resources Association》1973,9(2):352-359
ABSTRACT Whether the goal is minimizing water quality degradation in receiving streams or maximizing agricultural production on existing croplands; the solutions are identical - improved water management practices. Technology has succeeded in developing feasible solutions to improving irrigation water management, but the law has been slow to encourage or direct implementation. The villain of the western United States water problem is the property right concept of the appropriation doctrine. Improving water management also implies organizational improvements. Also, the so-called “human factor” involves questions of inefficiency and ineffectiveness, that when examined under the criteria of efficacy, may dictate a policy of continuing present practices in certain localities or regions with little technological intervention. The present effort for improving water quality management implies, therefore, a manyfold attack aimed at increasing project irrigation efficiency and effectiveness, under the larger rubric of efficacy and the achievement of larger social goals. 相似文献
79.
D. C. Williams Donnie L. Daniel 《Journal of the American Water Resources Association》1969,5(3):50-56
This paper focuses on two factors that influence the acceptability of the expected value criterion as a method of handling risk or uncertainty in decision-making where damages from unusual physical occurrences such as hurricanes or floods must be considered. These are the length of time of project existence and the problem of obtaining accurate estimates of the probability of occurrence for different sizes of natural disasters. The problem of estimating accurate probabilities of occurrence for different sizes of natural disasters is not as great as it might appear and in most situations will not defeat the usefulness of the method. The time span during which the project is expected to exist has greater implications for the usefulness of the expected value approach appears highly applicable. However, it becomes less applicable for projects that are short-term in nature. The basis for distinguishing between short- and long-term projects is presented. 相似文献
80.
William M. Park William L. Miller 《Journal of the American Water Resources Association》1982,18(1):89-94
ABSTRACT: There is a long standing hypothesis that overdevelopment has occurred in the nation's floodplains due to imperfect information about the potential flood hazard, an expectation of disaster relief and anticipation of future structural protection. This hypothesis is investigated with multiple regression analysis of data for a case study area. In particular the question of whether floodplain residential property values are fully discounted for expected flood damages is addressed by considering the impact of the National Flood Insurance Program on property values. The extent to which flooding risk perceptions are based on low cost information such as distance from and elevation above the river is also considered. Finally, implications for floodplain management policy are discussed. 相似文献