我国可持续设计及其实践的探讨

可持续设计超越了传统设计和生态设计，要求平衡经济、环境、社会３方面的发展需要，在可持续设计的基本工具产品生命周期评价尚需进一步发展的同时，建立适当的设计准则是当前发展可持续设计的可行途径。     

上海地铁车站恶臭气体污染调查

对地铁一号线人民广场站和漕宝路站的臭污染情况进行了调查，采用嗅沉测试和公众调查方法对恶臭进行测试和分析。结果表明，人民广场站的ＩＡＱ以３级（明显）为主、漕宝路站以２级（轻微）为主，污染程度与人流量和通风状况相关，漕宝路站的空气质量明显好于人民广场站。     

洗煤厂洗煤车间除尘系统设计

通过洗煤车间除尘系统工程实例 ,阐述了在老厂房巧妙利用厂房结构 ,将吸尘罩设计为内开外密 ,负压作业的三级密闭形式 ,从而实现全面通风换气与局部通风除尘的设计思路。工程实践表明 :该设计可使尘源附近 (411机尾走廊 )空气中粉尘净化效率达到 81 16 %～ 94 93% ,对厂房主要作业点空气中粉尘净化效率达 6 0 %以上 ,为洗煤行业老厂房的防尘除尘工作探索了一条可行的途径     

国内大城市煤改气工程的费用-效益分析

国内大城市以PM10和SO2为主要污染物的煤烟型污染十分严重,因而天然气作为煤的清洁替代品已越来越受到人们的重视。过去天然气作为宝贵的战略资源多被用作化工原料,而对是否应将其作为城市民用燃料存有争论。本研究以北京和重庆为案例城市,对大城市中实施大规模的“煤改气”工程进行了详尽的费用－效益分析（CBA）。其中,采用Rowe与Ostro的剂量－反应函数详细估算了天然气替代煤后产生的外部效益。结果表明,在人口和经济活动高度集中的大城市,使用天然气作民用燃料能有效降低非点源大气污染物排放和低空污染物浓度,产生明显的环境效益,因而具有显著的效益－费用比较优势。最后,本文对激励天然气在大城市的推广提出了环境经济政策建议。     

乙醇废水的超临界水氧化反应路径及动力学研究

研究了超临界水氧化法 (SCWO)处理乙醇废水过程的反应路径和动力学 .乙醇SCWO反应的最终产物为CO2 ,CO是此过程的中间产物 .以幂指数方程描述乙醇SCWO反应动力学 ,得到对于乙醇的反应级数为 1,对氧气的反应级数为 0 .求出活化能和指前因子分别为 3 5 1× 10 5J·mol-1和 7 74× 10 2 1s-1.方程计算值和实验值吻合较好 ,误差基本在 10 %以内     

Mechanisms of granular activated carbon anaerobic fluidized-bed process for treating phenols wastewater

ＩｎｔｒｏｄｕｃｔｉｏｎＢｅｆｏｒｅｔｈｅ 1 980ｓｃｏｎｖｅｎｔｉｏｎａｌｔｒｅａｔｍｅｎｔｐｒｏｃｅｓｓｅｓｏｆｐｈｅｎｏｌｓｗａｓｔｅｗａｔｅｒａｒｅｓｏｌｖｅｎｔｅｘｔｒａｃｔｉｏｎ ,ｐｈｙｓｉｃａｌａｄｓｏｒｐｔｉｏｎ ,ｃｈｅｍｉｃａｌｏｘｉｄａｔｉｏｎａｎｄａｅｒｏｂｉｃｂｉｏｌｏｇｉｃａｌｐｒｏｃｅｓｓ.Ａｍｏｎｇｔｈｅｂｉｏｌｏｇｉｃａｌｕｎｉｔｐｒｏｃｅｓｓｅｓａｃｔｉｖａｔｅｄｓｌｕｄｇｅｐｒｏｃｅｓｓｉｓｍａｉｎｏｎｅ.Ａｆｔｅｒｔｈｅ 1 980ｓａｎａｅｒｏｂｉｃｂｉｏｌｏｇｉｃ…     

有机磷酸酯诱导迟发性神经毒性及其对神经毒性酯酶(NTE)活性影响的动态研究

以成年产卵来航母鸡为试验动物，研究了三甲基苯基磷酸酯诱导的迟发性神经毒性。试验发现，母鸡口服ＴＯＣＰ后经过大约８－１０ｄ的潜伏期开始出现中毒症状，其表现为以步态失调为主要特征的运动障碍呈进行性加重，至２１ｄ开始便发展为瘫痪。     

MSAFP levels and oesophageal atresia

This study was undertaken to evaluate the relationship between maternal serum alpha-fetoprotein (MSAFP) levels and oesophageal atresia (OA). OA occurred in 16 fetuses of mothers who had an MSAFP test in the study interval. The multiple of the median (MOM) value for MSAFP averaged 1·54 ± 0·65 (range 0·5–2·9 MOM), which was significantly higher than the value seen in controls. The median MOM was 1·35. Using a cut-off of 2·5 MOM, the sensitivity of MSAFP for detecting OA was 19 per cent. Although OA should be considered in the differential diagnosis of an elevated MSAFP level, MSAFP cannot be considered an appropriate screening test for OA given the low sensitivity.     

Dystrophin protein and rflp analyis for fetal diagnosis and carrier confirmation of duchenne muscular dystrophy

A pregnant woman with indeterminate Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) carrier status, but with DMD diagnosed in her deceased brother (unavailable for study), presented for prenatal diagnosis, intending to continue the pregnancy only if proven unaffected with DMD with near absolute certainty. Creatine kinase (CK) assays to clarify carrier status were inconclusive. Male sex in the fetus was identified, but DNA restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis was not yet available to this centre to investigate the possible transmission of the DMD gene, and the pregnancy was terminated. Tissue histology and dystrophin protein analysis demonstrated the absence of DMD. In a situation with proven maternal carrier status, future fetal inheritance of the opposite maternal X chromosome would indicate the presence of DMD. However, maternal carrier status remained in doubt through a second pregnancy, even with RFLP studies, and was finally established when dystrophin analysis confirmed the presence of DMD in the second fetus. Histologic findings are presented, contrasting features in the two fetuses. The value of dystrophin analysis for establishing the diagnosis of fetal DMD, in this case proving maternal carrier status in a difficult situation, and for demonstrating DMD gene:RFLP haplotype relationships is illustrated.     

日本污染控制概述

日本的环境污染控制大体上经历过工业化早期，二次大战后的恢复发展期和七十年代后的全面控制三个时期，并于七十代下半期后形成了以“注重人类居住环境和文化环境中的生活质量”为特征的环境政策和全面维系环境质量的概念，在水污染控制，固体废弃物管理和大气污染控制方面制订了一系列排放标准和管理标准。