产业结构视角下的新疆区域经济差异分解研究

区域经济差异与产业结构有着密切的联系.从三次产业结构的视角,运用加权变异系数对1995年以来新疆区域经济差异进行产业分解.研究发现,1995-2009年新疆第二、第三产业的加权变异系数明显高于人均GDP加权变异系数,对总体经济差异起着明显的"上拉"作用.通过三次产业对总体差异的贡献分析发现,第二产业差异对新疆总体经济差异的年均贡献率达73.5%,表明第二产业差异是造成新疆总体差异的关键因素,提出了缩小新疆区域经济差异的对策建议.     

A simple plankton model for the Oregon upwelling ecosystem: Sensitivity and validation against time-series ocean data

Simple plankton models serve as useful platforms for testing our understanding of the mechanisms underlying ecosystem dynamics. A simple, one-dimensional plankton model was developed to describe the dynamics of nitrate, ammonium, two phytoplankton size-classes, meso-zooplankton, and detritus in the Oregon upwelling ecosystem. Computational simplicity was maintained by linking the biological model to a one-dimensional, cross-shelf physical model driven by the daily coastal upwelling index. The model sacrificed resolution of regional-scale and along-shore (north to south) processes and assumed that seasonal productivity is primarily driven by local cross-shelf Ekman transport of surface waters and upwelling of nutrient-rich water from depth.Our goals were to see how well a simple plankton model could capture the general temporal and spatial dynamics of the system, test system sensitivity to alternate parameter set values, and observe system response to the effective scale of potential retention mechanisms. Model performance across the central Oregon shelf was evaluated against two years (2000-2001) of chlorophyll and copepod time-series observations. While the modeled meso-zooplankton biomass was close in scale to the observed copepod biomass, phytoplankton was overestimated relative to that inferred from the observed surface chlorophyll concentration. Inshore, the system was most sensitive to the nutrient uptake kinetics of diatom-size phytoplankton and to the functional grazing response of meso-zooplankton. Meso-zooplankton was more sensitive to alternate parameter values than was phytoplankton. Reduction of meso-zooplankton cross-shelf advection rates (crudely representing behavioral retention mechanisms) reduced the scale of model error relative to the observed seasonal mean inshore copepod biomass but had little effect of the modeled meso-zooplankton biomass offshore nor upon phytoplankton biomass across the entire shelf.     

Climate change,adaptive capacity and policy direction in the Canadian North: Can we learn anything from the collapse of the east coast cod fishery?

Scientific evidence gathered over the past five years suggests that northern Canada and the Arctic have undergone, and are undergoing, formidable environmental changes linked to global climate change. Environmental change in the north is expected to persist and intensify over the course of the next century. When large-scale environmental changes take place, they inevitably affect people, especially when the cultures and livelihoods of those people depend on their relationship with the environment. Managing the local impacts of these changes is a matter of adaptation. This paper discusses some of the policy implications of adaptation––government interventions aiming to build communities’ and regions’ capacities to adapt to environmental changes. Three arguments for adaptive capacity building interventions in the north are discussed, and these arguments are augmented by a comparative review of government reactions to the collapse of the cod fishery in Atlantic Canada. Reactive and proactive policy approaches are discussed, and it is suggested from the comparison that proactive approaches to intervention are desirable for building adaptive capacity.

新疆色日克牙依拉克蛇绿岩特征及成矿远景

论文讨论了色日克牙依拉克蛇绿岩的岩石类型组合及岩石地球化学特征,结合区域地质情况分析认为:该蛇绿岩形成于裂谷—小洋盆环境,代表了塔里木板块和伊犁中天山微板块的最后缝合线位置。蛇绿岩出露地带,二辉橄榄岩和纯橄榄岩内均见有铬铁矿、磁铁矿等,局部地表见有镍华。因此,该地对于寻找铬、镍等矿床,有较大的潜力。     

近年渤海与黄海北部沿岸底栖贝类体内微污染物的分布特征

根据近几年的海洋常规监测数据,确定渤海及黄海北部沿岸底柄贝类体内典型微污染物的含量及其空间分布.结果表明,在36%以上的站点中,贝类体内石油烃含量超过国家海洋生物质量第1类标准(15μg/g,湿重,下同),尤其是大连湾和河北新村附近海域贝类体内含量甚至高出第Ⅲ类标准(80μg/g,以湿重计),并且,近年来大部分海域贻贝...     

荒漠区公路建设引起环境退化及对策——以新疆为例

公路是促进社会经济发展的重要基础设施,在公路建设促进荒漠环境改善的同时,由于荒漠区生态环境脆弱,公路建设较湿润区易引起环境退化,且生态恢复十分困难。新疆地域辽阔,自然条件复杂,生态系统结构简单且稳定性差,属中国乃至世界上典型的生态环境脆弱区,是中国荒漠面积最大的省区,荒漠环境复杂和类型齐全。荒漠区公路建设的自然环境具有区域生态脆弱,水源短缺,路域土质复杂,环境保护问题多,道路病害较多等特点。公路建设引起的环境退化主要表现在:致使区域植被覆盖度降低,为灾害发生提供有利地貌条件,引起水、土理化性质变差,对路域大气环境造成污染,荒漠区野生动物生存环境变差等6方面。针对荒漠区自然环境特点与公路建设引起的环境退化及成因,提出在公路规划设计、施工、营运3阶段防治公路路域环境退化的17条措施,以保护荒漠区路域环境和保障交通畅通及区域可持续发展。     

新疆阿尔泰成矿带可可塔勒花岗岩体锆石LA-ICP-MS U-Pb年龄及其地质意义

新疆阿尔泰成矿带花岗岩发育,其中很多花岗岩与成矿作用有着密切的联系,特别是400Ma左右的岩浆活动是阿尔泰地区一次重要的岩浆成矿活动,阿尔泰许多金属矿床与这一时期的岩浆构造作用有关。本次研究的出露于可可塔勒铅锌矿区的黑云母花岗岩体,其锆石LA-ICPMS U-Pb年龄为(401.8±1.5)Ma,表明可可塔勒花岗岩是阿尔泰成矿带400Ma左右发生的一次重要岩浆构造作用的产物,该黑云母花岗岩体侵入于矿区下泥盆统康布铁堡组火山岩地层中,岩体与围岩接触带附近的围岩蚀变明显,该黑云母花岗岩的侵入以及其后期的岩浆热液活动可能对区内成矿物质的活化、迁移、富集、成矿具有一定的贡献。     

新疆1996年7月洪水灾害成因分析

作者从暴雨形成的环境背景、暴雨水汽来源及路径、暴雨过程及洪水时空分布、洪水稀遇程度和洪水特点等对新疆９６．７洪水进行了探讨，并综合野外考察结果，通过列述有关证据对洪水的成灾方式、致灾原因进行了详尽分析。     

基于AI指数的新疆干湿时空变化及其影响因素分析

论文基于新疆53个气象站点1961-2013年逐日气温、降水、风速、日照时数、相对湿度、大气环流指数和太阳黑子数据,应用Penman-Monteith模型、ArcGIS反距离加权插值、Mann-Kendall（M-K）检验、Morlet小波和主成分分析方法,分析其降水量、潜在蒸散量和AI指数时空变化及影响因素。结果表明：近53 a来,新疆降水量呈上升趋势,潜在蒸散量在波动中呈下降趋势,倾向率分别为8.81 mm/10 a和-28.73 mm/10 a,AI指数在波动中呈下降趋势,倾向率为 -0.05/10 a,多年平均值为0.5,表明新疆气候有变湿趋势。从年内分布看,降水量和潜在蒸散量呈单峰型分布,峰值分别出现在7月和8月,分别为24.58和137.12 mm;AI指数最大值滞后于降水量（7月）和潜在蒸散量（8月）,出现在9月,为0.9,最小值出现在1月,为0.46。新疆潜在蒸散量空间分布为南疆大于北疆,东部大于西部;降水量北疆大于南疆;AI指数的空间分布与降水量相反,总体表现为南疆大于北疆,盆地大于山区,M-K趋势介于0~-0.02/a之间,且北疆AI指数减小趋势较南疆更显著,与北疆比南疆更湿润的事实相符。新疆降水量和潜在蒸散量分别在1987和1981年发生突变,AI指数在1981和1984年存在两个明显的突变点。Morlet小波及其功率谱分析表明,降水量存在6.49、5.71和4.35 a（p≤0.05）的周期,蒸散量存在21.37 a（p≤0.2）的周期,AI指数存在6.62、3.45 a（p≤0.1）的周期,表明AI指数可能受大气环流和厄尔尼诺的影响。主成分分析表明,AI指数与气温呈正相关,与降水量呈负相关,且南疆比北疆对降水更敏感。此外,AI指数与维尔霍扬斯克-奥伊米亚康（WYMI）、ENSO关系密切,相关系数分别为0.46（p≤0.05）和-0.34（p≤0.05）。     

南疆西部不同植被类型NDVI对风沙灾害的响应

不同植被类型对风沙灾害的响应研究有助于风沙灾害的遥感监测评估和防灾减灾工作。采用传统统计学和空间自相关方法,利用MODIS的每日反射率和土地类型产品,分析了风沙灾害后南疆西部不同植被类型NDVI的变化规律及其空间分布特征。结果表明：风沙灾害后,研究区不同植被类型NDVI的差异在增大,NDVI变化值在一0．3865~0．4148之间,NDVI减小的面积占整个研究区面积的54．98％,变异系数增大值在2．44％～36．75％之间;受到风沙灾害的影响,研究区植被NDVI全局Moran’SI系数从0．7982减小到0．6786,但在空间上仍存在显著的正相关性,具有显著的空间集聚特征;由NDVI差值的局部空间自相关指标集聚图以及不同植被类型NDVI差值的空间关联区域面积百分比,可以发现落叶针叶林和裸地或低植被覆盖地受风沙灾害的影响较小,郁闭灌丛和作物受风沙灾害的影响较大。上述关于风沙灾害后南疆西部不同植被类型的变化及其空间格局的研究结果,不仅证明了防护林的风沙阻挡作用,也可以为风沙灾害的防治工作提供参考依据。