新疆环境保护战略浅析

针对新疆环保工作和环境问题的特殊性及发展趋势，通过剖析环境保护的现状，并结合新疆环保工作中出现的问题，从宏观上提出适合新疆环保工作的思路和策略及展望。     

Spatial and seasonal variability of dissolved oxygen and nutrients in the Southern Adriatic coastal waters

The main objective of this paper is to present vertical and horizontal patterns of dissolved oxygen and nutrients found during four seasonal surveys (March, June, September and December 2000) in the Southern Adriatic Sea coastal waters. The multivariate technique Principal Component Analysis has been applied to our dataset considering the following parameters: seawater temperature, salinity, dissolved oxygen and nutrients (nitrate, nitrite, phosphate, silicate). The resulting plot shows in a self-explanatory way that a seasonal trend was not observable in the investigated period and that no significant differences occur between the stations sampled in the Taranto Gulf and those along the Adriatic coast. Water column stratification persists in all seasons, except in spring, in the shallowest stations. The surface layer is characterized by a low nutrient content. The influence of the Northern Adriatic Surface Water in the Southern Adriatic sub-basin seems to be very low and can be traced by nitrate and silicate only in spring and winter. Regarding deep waters, nitrate distribution shows an increasing gradient moving from the coast to the open sea, having the lowest concentration in the shelf area and the highest in the most offshore stations of the Otranto Strait. In the Otranto Strait area the vertical distributions of physical and chemical parameters show, at middle depths, the inflow of Levantine Intermediate Water, traced by both the maximum of salinity, nitrate and phosphate and the minimum of oxygen. The LIW signal is lost moving northward. The outflow of Adriatic Dense Water is less evident, being traced only in spring by an oxygen increase at the bottom layer in the shelf area. The N:P ratio is highly variable but in the range already observed in the Southern Adriatic, suggesting a P-limitation, which can both contribute to the low primary productivity of the area and support the N:P ratio anomaly of the Eastern Mediterranean.     

祁连山北坡中段降水稳定同位素特征及水汽来源分析

依据祁连山北坡中段8个站点的降水样品,结合同期气象数据,从降水同位素特征、影响因素以及水汽来源等方面进行分析,结果表明:①研究区降水稳定同位素季节变化明显,表现为夏半年富集,冬半年贫化的特征;在空间尺度上δ18O值随海拔的升高而减小,年降水δ18O的海拔效应为-0. 19‰/100 m;②各站点的局地大气降水线的斜率和截距表现为随海拔的增加而增加的趋势,表明2 000 m以上的高海拔山区受到更强烈的局地再循环水汽的影响;③研究区降水中稳定同位素温度效应显著,δ18O的温度效应为0. 64‰,且仅在夏季存在微弱的降水量效应;④研究区云下蒸发作用显著.在5、6、7和8月,研究区降水δ18O的平均雨滴蒸发率分别为23%、11%、12%和16%,云下蒸发富集率46%、27%、38%和32%;⑤在夏季连续降雨条件下,研究区降水的水汽来源主要为西风水汽,同时受到局地蒸发水汽的影响.本研究结果有助于进一步了解内陆河水文循环过程,为进一步开展干旱区同位素水文研究奠定基础.     

新疆干旱区季节性积雪中黑碳气溶胶研究

利用中分辨率成像光谱仪（MODIS）遥感数据与2018年1月野外实测的28个雪样,综合分析新疆干旱区季节性积雪中黑碳气溶胶浓度（BC）分布特征与气溶胶光学厚度（AOD）等.利用HYSPLIT-4后向轨迹模式获取釆样点逐日的后向轨迹,分析BC的可能传输路径.结果表明：①北疆地区积雪覆盖率从11月份到次年1月份逐渐增加,冬季积雪覆盖率可达到97.5%,冬季AOD平均值为0.173,高值出现在天山北坡经济带区域与东部区域（0.2~0.35）,低值区域主要在阿勒泰地区（0.06~0.1）.②表层积雪的BC浓度范围为44.08~1949.9ng/g,平均值为536.71ng/g,BC浓度分布特征为：天山北坡经济带BC浓度（913.24ng/g） > 艾比湖东南部区域（816.56ng/g） > 艾比湖北部区域（421.94ng/g） > 艾比湖西部区域（407.97ng/g） > 克拉玛依区域（162.28ng/g） > 古尔班通古特沙漠区域（124.89ng/g） > 阿勒泰地区（98.51ng/g）.随着海拔升高积雪中BC浓度有微弱上升,相关系数R²为0.03,随着纬度增加积雪中BC浓度均呈下降趋势,R²为0.255.③艾比湖流域后向轨迹中以博乐-精河-艾比湖向东北方向输送路径为主,对采样点的BC浓度影响较大;天山北坡经济带区域主要以精河-石河子-乌鲁木齐的天山北坡城市群向东北输送路径为主,局地污染较为严重;阿勒泰地区的后向轨迹以俄罗斯南部-哈萨克斯坦北部-东哈萨克斯坦输送路径为主,局地污染贡献较少;克拉玛依区域主要来自哈萨克斯坦东部和西部向东方向的输送,局地污染不明显;沙漠区域主要以西南方向输送路径为主.     

基于多源数据和模式模拟的新疆黑风暴东移个例分析

综合利用卫星遥感、环境监测、气象观测等多源监测数据,结合后向轨迹模式对2015年4月新疆一次黑风暴污染过程进行生成源地、路径与发展过程分析.结果表明：此次黑风暴过程的不同高度污染物主要随气流来源于新疆本地及其以西的中亚地区,在西南气流的作用下几乎同时进入北疆,沿天山北坡东移并且在乌鲁木齐堆积,继而从南疆盆地东口灌入南疆;同时,选取受此次黑风暴污染物东输影响的4个典型城市（乌鲁木齐、呼和浩特、兰州和北京）,利用区域气候模式（RegCM4.6）模拟分析此次极端黑风暴东输过程中大量沙尘气溶胶对主要气象参数的影响,结果表明：受此次黑风暴东输过程（4月25~29日）影响的上述4个典型城市的AOD均有所增加,模拟所得污染程度与实际接近.对于沙尘在近地面2m的温度响应,北京市表现最为明显,最高达-1.68℃,乌鲁木齐表现不明显,沙尘过程中的近地面气温相较无沙尘时最高下降0.1℃,呼和浩特和兰州在AOD达到最大值时的温度响应分别为-0.4℃、-0.8℃.黑风暴期间,乌鲁木齐、呼和浩特、兰州的相对湿度响应最大值分别为-3.3%、-7.3%、-4.7%,而北京地区在29日AOD达最大值时,相对湿度相对于无沙尘时增加了10%左右.     

青藏高原北部土壤正构烷烃氢同位素及物源意义

采用正构烷烃及其单体氢同位素组成特征相结合的方法研究了青藏高原北部多年冻土区表层土壤正构烷烃（C₂₁~C₃₃）的生物来源.研究表明：表层土壤中正构烷烃呈双峰型和三峰型的分布特征,表明其具有多个生物来源.长链长正构烷烃（C₂₅~C₃₃）主要来源于陆源高等植物.表层土壤中长链长正构烷烃（C₂₅~C₃₃）中奇碳数正构烷烃的δD值比偶碳数的整体偏轻,原因可能是两者的生物合成途径不同.对中等链长正构烷烃聚类分析后分为两种类型,类型I的中等链长正构烷烃（C₂₁~C₂₄）主要来源于陆源高等植物,类型Ⅱ的中等链长正构烷烃主要来源于细菌等微生物降解的产物.表层土壤样品（FHS-10、TG2-10和TG3-10）中等链长的正构烷烃δD值最轻,应为δD值偏轻的水源和细菌等微生物降解共同作用的结果.     

藏北高原土壤温度异常变化及其与雪灾关系初析

通过对ＧＡＭＥ－Ｔｉｂｅｔ野外工作期间所得藏北高原一个年周期的土壤温度资料的初步分析,发现藏北高原１９９７￣１９９８年冬半年土壤日温差的分布存在明显的异常现象;指出了这种异常现象的发生可能与藏北高原１９９７年冬天的特大雪灾有关。从浅层土壤日温差的异常变化,定性地说明了藏北高原１９９７￣１９９８年冬半年不同地点雪灾的严重程度,但由于受资料的限制,目前尚无法进行定量的评估。     

Comparing measured and modelled forest carbon stocks in high-boreal forests of harvest and natural-disturbance origin in Labrador, Canada

Understanding the effects of disturbance regimes on carbon (C) stocks and stock changes is a prerequisite to estimating forest C stocks and fluxes. Live-tree, dead-tree, woody debris (WD), stump, buried wood, organic layer, and mineral soil C stock data were collected from high-boreal black spruce (Picea mariana (Mill.) B.S.P.) stands of harvest and fire origin and compared to values predicted by the Carbon Budget Model of the Canadian Forest Sector (CBM-CFS3); the core model of Canada's National Forest Carbon Monitoring, Accounting and Reporting System. Data comparing the effect of natural and anthropogenic disturbance history on forest C stocks are limited, but needed to evaluate models such as the CBM-CFS3. Results showed that adjustments to the CBM-CFS3 volume-to-biomass conversion and partitioning parameters were required for the non-merchantable and branch C pools to accurately capture live-tree C stocks in the studied black spruce ecosystems. Accuracy of the CBM-CFS3 modelled estimates of dead organic matter and soil C pools was improved relative to regional default parameters by increased snag fall and >10 cm WD base decay rates. The model evaluation process also highlighted the importance of developing a bryophyte module to account for bryophyte C dynamics and the physical burial of woody debris by bryophytes. Modelled mineral soil C estimates were improved by applying a preliminary belowground slow C pool base decay rate optimized for the soil type of the studied sites, Humo-Ferric Podzols.     

Spatial and seasonal variability of dissolved oxygen and nutrients in the Southern Adriatic coastal waters

The main objective of this paper is to present vertical and horizontal patterns of dissolved oxygen and nutrients found during four seasonal surveys (March, June, September and December 2000) in the Southern Adriatic Sea coastal waters. The multivariate technique Principal Component Analysis has been applied to our dataset considering the following parameters: seawater temperature, salinity, dissolved oxygen and nutrients (nitrate, nitrite, phosphate, silicate). The resulting plot shows in a self-explanatory way that a seasonal trend was not observable in the investigated period and that no significant differences occur between the stations sampled in the Taranto Gulf and those along the Adriatic coast. Water column stratification persists in all seasons, except in spring, in the shallowest stations. The surface layer is characterized by a low nutrient content. The influence of the Northern Adriatic Surface Water in the Southern Adriatic sub-basin seems to be very low and can be traced by nitrate and silicate only in spring and winter. Regarding deep waters, nitrate distribution shows an increasing gradient moving from the coast to the open sea, having the lowest concentration in the shelf area and the highest in the most offshore stations of the Otranto Strait. In the Otranto Strait area the vertical distributions of physical and chemical parameters show, at middle depths, the inflow of Levantine Intermediate Water, traced by both the maximum of salinity, nitrate and phosphate and the minimum of oxygen. The LIW signal is lost moving northward. The outflow of Adriatic Dense Water is less evident, being traced only in spring by an oxygen increase at the bottom layer in the shelf area. The N:P ratio is highly variable but in the range already observed in the Southern Adriatic, suggesting a P-limitation, which can both contribute to the low primary productivity of the area and support the N:P ratio anomaly of the Eastern Mediterranean.