Observed cold season changes in a Fennoscandian fell area over the past three decades

We studied trends and variability in snow and climate characteristics in 1978–2012 in the Värriötunturit fell area, northern Finland. Cold season changes were examined using long-term observational data on snow depths, meteorological data, large-scale climate indices, and reindeer herders’ experiences with difficult snow conditions. Snow depths declined, and temperatures increased significantly over the study period, with the largest changes observed in October–December and in April. Snow depths decreased particularly in forests at lower altitudes but not in treeless areas at higher altitudes. Interannual variability (but not the trends) in snow depths could be partially linked to large-scale climate indices. A majority of difficult reindeer grazing conditions were related to deep snow in the winter or spring. Our observations suggest that shortened duration of snow cover may facilitate reindeer grazing, whereas potentially more frequent formation of ice layers and mold growth on pastures in the future is disadvantageous for reindeer husbandry.     

An Interactive Governance and Fish Chain Approach to Fisheries Rebuilding: A Case Study of the Northern Gulf Cod in Eastern Canada

Rebuilding collapsed fisheries is a multifaceted problem, requiring a holistic governance approach rather than technical management fixes. Using the Northern Gulf cod case study in eastern Canada, we illustrate how a “fish chain” framework, drawn from the interactive governance perspective, is particularly helpful in analyzing rebuilding challenges. The analysis demonstrates that factors limiting rebuilding exist along the entire fish chain, i.e., the pre-harvest, harvest, and post-harvest stages. These challenges are embedded in both the ecological and social systems associated with the Northern Gulf cod fisheries, as well as in the governing systems. A comparative analysis of the pre- and post-collapse of the cod fisheries also reveals governance opportunities in rebuilding, which lie in policy interventions such as integrated and ecosystem-based management, livelihood transitional programs, and cross-scale institutional arrangements. Lessons from the Northern Gulf cod case study, especially the missed opportunities to explore alternative governing options during the transition, are valuable for rebuilding other collapsed fisheries.     

新疆喀什地区乡村地震人员伤亡矩阵与对比研究

在搜集研究区地震人员伤亡资料的基础上,采用最小二乘法建立了乡村地震人员伤亡矩阵,为该 地区未来地震灾害人员伤亡的预测和快速评估提供了依据,并与国内相关研究结果进行了对比,分析 了其差异的原因与特点。     

A methodology of characterizing status and trend of land changes in oases: a case study of Sangong River watershed, Xinjiang, China

Land change is often studied with Markov models to develop a probability transition matrix. The existing methods dependent on such matrixes cannot effectively characterize some important aspects associated with land change such as status, direction, trend and regional variations. This study presents mathematical models to quantify these elements, defining unbalanced, quasi-balanced and balanced status, one- and two-way transitions and the rising or falling trends. Using these models and remote-sensing imageries, the landscape was studied for a case area, the oasis of Sangong River in Xinjiang, Northwest China where typical arid conditions prevail. Land expansion and contraction among various land types and for the entire oasis were analyzed for the periods of 1978-1987, 1978-1998 and 1987-1998. The changes were closely related to a strong economic growth after the land-reform campaign and adoption of the market economy in China in the 1980s to early 1990s, a process not strictly Markovian that requires stationarity and randomness. Information on land-change status and trend is important for a better understanding of the underlying driving processes but also for land-use planning and decision-making.     

浅析新疆发展循环经济的措施

在对循环经济特征及新疆发展循环经济存在的问题进行简要论述的基础上,重点提出了新疆发展循环经济的措施。     

新疆水环境质量监测数据中存在问题的探讨

根据水环境质量监测数据审核工作实践,总结出目前新疆地、州、市环境监测站上报的水环境质量监测数据中存在的问题,并介绍和分析了几种常用的水质监测数据合理性判断的方法和依据,以期为新疆水环境质量监测工作提供可借鉴的建议。     

基于PSR模型的新疆工业污染评价

依据压力—状态—响应（PSR）模型原理构建了新疆工业污染状况评价指标体系,以新疆统计年鉴（2002-2009年）和环境状况公报的数据在此模型指标基础上进行了实证分析,结果表明：近年来新疆环保措施取得显著成效,环境污染事故显著下降。但由于工业中资源开发和初加工产业比重大,工业排污强度高,全区工业污染有加剧的趋势;企业自身环保意识差,对工业污染的响应程度主要取决于政府的政策、法规。     

新疆焉耆盆地平原区地下水有机污染评价及污染成因

在新疆焉耆盆地平原区采集了42组地下水样品和10组地表水样品,首次将有机污染物纳入检测项目,检测有机污染物共计39项.对所有水样测试结果的统计显示:焉耆盆地平原区地下水中检出的有机污染物共有 3 种,分别是三氯甲烷、1,2-二氯乙烷和1,2-二氯苯,检出率分别为30.95%、2.38%和2.38%,检出的三项有机污染物含量均低于饮用水标准.通过多介质污染评价系统进行有机污染评价,各有机污染物检出点不会对环境造成明显危害.在焉耆盆地平原区不同的土地利用类型有机污染物检出率不同,检出率为牧草地 > 耕地 > 建设用地;检出的14组地下水有机污染物大部分分布在包气带岩性为亚黏土与亚砂土区域,其余分布在包气带岩性为砂砾石区域;地表水采样点中只有B03(开都河)检测出微量的三氯甲烷,地下水中检出的有机污染物不是来自于地表水的补给.     

新疆阿克提什坎金矿床微量元素特征

阿克提什坎金矿床位于北阿尔泰诺尔特地区南缘东段 ,赋存于下石炭统红山嘴组地层中。系统地研究了该金矿床微量元素的组成特征 ,并应用等位线方法讨论了热液蚀变作用过程中微量元素的行为 ,并对微量元素在热液蚀变过程中迁移的质量进行了计算 ,研究表明在热液蚀变作用过程中 ,微量元素尤其是Au、As等元素活动强烈 ,有较大的带入和带出 ,微量元素尤其是成矿元素表现出随蚀变程度加深变化量加大的特点     

夏季南海北部典型中尺度物理过程对营养盐及溶解氧分布特征的影响

依据2011年8月24日—9月5日对南海北部海域的现场调查,分析了涡旋这一典型中尺度物理过程对营养盐(NO-3-N,PO3-4-P,SiO2-3-Si)及溶解氧分布特征的影响.结果表明,夏季南海北部营养盐及溶解氧的分布受中尺度海洋过程的影响显著.在水平分布上,各项营养盐基本呈现近海高远海低的分布特征.东沙群岛附近海域由于受反气旋型涡旋的影响,反气旋型涡旋将珠江口水推至外海,使得东沙群岛附近海域呈现明显的高N、Si,低P的珠江口水特征.在断面分布上,位于珠江口附近海域的B、C断面营养盐浓度水平较低,表层低浓度营养盐向下扩张明显,营养盐浓度等深线也明显下移,其可能受到反气旋型涡旋中心区域的影响;而位于海南岛附近海域的D、F断面,底层低温高盐海水不断向上涌升,可能受到反气旋型涡旋边缘的影响,使得表层海水受到富含高浓度营养盐的底层海水的补充,为表层浮游植物的生长提供了丰富的物质基础.位于广东沿岸附近海域的A断面及东沙群岛附近海域的E断面则受季节性上升流的影响大于反气旋型涡旋的影响,表现出明显的低温、高盐、高P、低溶解氧的上升流特征.