光腔衰荡光谱法走航连续观测海表大气中CH4

以基于高精度光腔衰荡光谱法(Cavity Ring-Down Spectroscopy,CRDS)的Picarro G2301型分析仪为核心,自主设计、组装,建立了适用于船载走航连续观测大气CH4的系统.采用可溯源至世界气象组织全球大气观测网(WMO-GAW)的标准气序列开展多次测试,并建立了外标法线性校正方程.测试表明,该系统对CH4响应精密度优于0.5 ×l0-9,准确度优于0.1％,5个月内漂移小于0.3 ×l0-9.同时,结合船载走航连续观测的特点,优化建立了观测数据处理与质量控制方法,以保证所获数据的高质量和国际可比性.分别于2011年7月和2012年5月,率先在北黄海及渤海海峡区域开展了海表大气CH4的走航连续观测.实践证明,该系统操作简便,运行稳定,适用于船载走航连续海表大气CH4的研究,可获取高精度高时空分辨的观测数据.其中,2011年7月观测到的CH4浓度范围为1823.8×10-9～2020.7×10-9,2012年5月为1887.2×10-9～ 2136.2×10-9,均呈渤海海峡区域浓度高,北黄海中部区域浓度低的分布特征.     

新疆伊犁煤炭资源开采中辐射污染防治现状与对策研究

在新疆实施优势资源转换战略,推进跨越式发展的过程中,近年来新疆伊犁相继引入国内多家大型企业,参与以煤炭资源为主的资源开发,呈现出了前所未有的发展势头,同时也暴露出比较严峻的环境问题。本文介绍了新疆伊犁煤炭开采过程中的辐射污染防治措施现状,从防治技术措施和防治管理措施两方面进行了阐述,并提出了相应的对策建议。     

新疆极端水文事件年内分布的非均匀性

利用1901-2010年的资料,采用传统统计方法以及新引入的衡量年内分布情况的集中度、集中指数,对比分析了新疆极端水文事件的年内分布特征。分析发现,传统统计方法和集中度、集中指数得出的年内分布具有很好的一致性,是一种可靠的分析方法,今后可以借鉴使用。结果表明:新疆极端水文事件年内分布极不均匀,夏半年和夏季的集中指数较大,而冬半年和冬季的集中指数较小,即大部分地区极端水文事件主要发生在夏半年,冬半年发生相对较少,但北疆的阿勒泰地区冬半年极端水文事件较多;吐鲁番的极端水文事件年内分布非常集中,乌鲁木齐、奎屯—石河子、阿克苏地区次之,阿勒泰地区集中度最小。     

复合人工湿地处理稠油废水研究

针对新疆油田稠油废水的水质特点,结合克拉玛依地区戈壁、荒漠地自然环境特征,研究建立油田废水人工湿地处理技术模式,设计"复合流人工湿地—兼(好)氧组合生物塘—生态滤池"(WPF)复合人工湿地系统,介绍WPF系统的工艺流程、结构设计,并进行了经济评估。     

新疆草原旅游资源可持续开发研究

新疆草原面积广阔、类型多样,旅游资源丰富,具有很大的发展潜力,但目前很少对新疆的草原旅游资源进行研究.分析了新疆草原旅游资源规模大、分布广、类型多样、民俗文化多元但自然生态和人文生态都极为脆弱等特征,对目前新疆草原旅游资源开发现状和存在的问题进行了全面和深入的探讨,提出了新疆草原旅游资源可持续开发的思路,以促进新疆草原地区旅游业发展.     

基于生态足迹的新疆可持续发展评价

生态足迹是分析国家或地区自然资源可持续利用的重要指标.利用FAO数据、新疆统计年鉴等自然资源生产与消费数据、人口数据,采用可变世界单产法计算了2000-2009年新疆生态足迹.结果表明:从2000-2009年间,新疆的人均生态足迹显著上升,生态赤字有逐渐加大的趋势.生态协调系数DS显示,新疆的资源利用超出生态环境的承载范围,其发展模式是不可持续的.     

新疆喀什三角洲地下水化学特征及演化规律

"水质型"缺水问题严重阻碍着新疆喀什地区经济的发展.为研究位于喀什地区西部的喀什三角洲地下水水化学特征及主要离子来源,于2016年6～10月采集地下水水化学样品402组,地下水氢氧同位素样品114组.综合运用数理统计、Gibbs图、离子比、Schoeller图和水文地球化学模拟等方法,分析了喀什三角洲地下水的水文地球化学特征,探讨了水化学演化规律及主要离子来源.结果表明:①该区地下水中阴离子以SO_4~(2-)为主,其次为Cl-;阳离子以Na+为主,地下水类型以SO4·Cl-Na型为主;②该区地下水离子组分受岩石溶滤作用和蒸发浓缩作用控制.水中离子主要来源于蒸发岩的溶解,其次为碳酸岩的溶解.河流冲积平原潜水受蒸发浓缩作用影响,承压水还受反向阳离子交换作用和混合作用影响;③沿地下水流向,地下水离子组分浓度呈递增趋势,岩盐、白云石和石膏发生溶解,方解石沉淀.     

Ecological pressures on grassland ecosystems and their conservation strategies in Northern China

In this study,we identified ecological pressures on grassland ecosystems and adaptive countermeasures in Northern China.Our research revealed that the main sources of these pressures included population growth,economic development,resources exploitation,and global climate change,with human-related activities being overriding factors.Overgrazing was an important reason for grassland imbalance,causing soil erosion and desertification,especially during the sensitive spring greening phase.In steppe zones,commercial coal mining was destructive to the ecological environment.Regarding long-term strategies,we recommend that policy-makers devote more consideration to a new conceptual approach for transforming grasslands through shifting the focus from die grassland’s traditional production functions to meir ecological functions.Applying this concept,adaptive countermeasures should be developed to reduce human impacts based on the environmental capacities of grasslands.Moreover,we recommend the development of environment-friendly industries and reduction of pressures from human activities as effective measures for maintaining the balance between sustainable economic development and grassland conservation.Lastly,we suggest that restoration of degraded grasslands should conform to the principle of natural vegetation to further improve the ecological adaptability of plants and ecosystem stability.This study is expected to provide scientific support for policy-makers engaged in grassland protection.     

新疆石河子地区地下水硝酸盐含量分布及影响因素分析

为了初步掌握石河子地区平原区地下水硝酸盐污染状况,通过调查取样分析,对研究区地下水硝酸盐含量状况及其影响因素进行了研究。结果表明,石河子地区地下水硝酸盐含量普遍较低,仅有3.03%的取样点超过《生活饮用水卫生标准(GB5749-2006)》。研究区内地下水硝酸盐氮含量空间分布特征显著,水平分布特征表现为从南到北逐渐降低,垂向分布特征表现为潜水区硝酸盐氮含量高于承压水区。影响地下水硝酸盐氮含量的主要因素包括含水层特性、地下水氧化还原条件、降水量等自然因素以及氮肥施用量、种植制度和农业污染源等人为因素。该研究对石河子地区饮水安全和地下水保护有现实意义。     

Human health risk assessment of groundwater nitrate at a two geomorphic units transition zone in northern China

To assess groundwater nitrate contamination and its human health risks, 489 unconfined groundwater samples were collected and analyzed from Zhangjiakou, northern China. The spatial distribution of principle hydrogeochemical results showed that the average concentrations of ions in descend order was HCO₃^?, SO₄^2?, Na⁺, Ca²⁺, Cl^?, NO₃^?, Mg²⁺ and K⁺, among which the NO₃^? concentrations were between 0.25 and 536.73 mg/L with an average of 29.72 mg/L. In total, 167 out of 489 samples (~ 34%) exceeded the recommended concentration of 20 mg/L in Quality Standard for Groundwater of China. The high NO₃^? concentration groundwater mainly located in the northern part and near the boundary of the two geomorphic units. As revealed by statistical analysis, the groundwater chemistry was more significantly affected by anthropogenic sources than by the geogenic sources. Moreover, human health risks of groundwater nitrate through oral and dermal exposure pathways were assessed by model, the results showed that about 60%, 50%, 32% and 26% of the area exceeded the acceptable level (total health index>1) for infants, children, adult males and females, respectively. The health risks for different groups of people varied significantly, ranked: infants> children> adult males>adult females, suggesting that younger people are more susceptible to nitrate contamination, while females are more resistant to nitrate contamination than males. To ensure the drinking water safety in Zhangjiakou and its downstream areas, proper management and treatment of groundwater will be necessary to avoid the health risks associated with nitrate contamination.