新疆奎独乌区域冬季大气重污染过程PM2.5组成特征及来源解析

为研究新疆奎独乌（奎屯、独山子、乌苏）区域冬季大气重污染过程的PM_2.5污染特征及其成因,于2015年2月4-10日在奎屯、独山子和乌苏三地开展PM_2.5样品采集,并对其中的元素、水溶性离子及碳组分进行测试,分析不同污染水平下PM_2.5中化学组分的变化规律.结果表明,采样期间奎独乌区域ρ（PM_2.5）日均值均超过GB 3095-2012《环境空气质量标准》二级标准（75 μg/m3）,2月9日ρ（PM_2.5）最高（298.58 μg/m3）,超标2.98倍.通过比较PM_2.5载带化学组分质量百分比发现,随着污染等级加剧,SO₄2-、NO₃-质量百分比呈逐渐增加的趋势,严重污染时SO₄2-、NO₃-质量百分比分别较轻度污染时增长11.7%、5.5%;NH₄+、碳组分及元素组分质量百分比则呈下降趋势,严重污染较轻度污染时分别下降0.7%、9.5%、2.4%;结合采样期间静稳及高湿的气象条件,说明此次重污染由本地污染物累积及二次颗粒物生成所致.随着污染水平的加重,SOR（硫氧化率）及NOR（氮氧化率）的值也在随之增大,说明污染越重大气二次转化程度越高,进一步验证了二次颗粒物是导致此次重污染的原因之一.对不同污染等级PM_2.5进行质量重构发现,PM_2.5中主要组分均为硫酸盐和OM（有机物）,硫酸盐和OM的质量百分比分别在23.0%~34.7%、16.4%~28.7%之间,说明此次重污染过程的主要污染源为燃煤及机动车尾气.      

喀拉通克铜镍硫化矿地质特征及找矿预测

喀拉通克铜镍硫化物矿床产于侵位于准噶尔褶皱系的中基性岩体群中 ,下石炭统南明水组是这些岩体的直接围岩 ,岩体群呈带状沿NW向断裂带分布 ,主要岩体分异良好 ,由上至下可划分为 :黑云母石英闪长岩相、黑云母石英角闪辉长岩相、黑云母角闪苏长岩相和黑云母角闪橄榄苏长岩相 ;各岩相之间均呈渐变过渡关系 ,矿体均赋存于中基性岩体的橄榄苏长岩相、苏长岩相和橄榄辉绿辉长岩中 ,矿体形态与岩体基本一致 ,反映出本区铜镍矿体均受中基性岩体控制。这些含矿岩体具有“三高一低”的地球物理特征。矿床的硫同位素、铅同位素、锶同位素和稀土元素特征表明 :这些岩体群具有明显的亲缘性 ,它们和成矿物质均来源于地幔的玄武岩浆。最后 ,根据这些特征指出了找矿方向     

西昆仑首次发现石榴二辉麻粒岩

在西昆仑康西瓦北侧首次发现石榴二辉麻粒岩团块(包体)，典型矿物组合为石榴石 紫苏辉石 单斜辉石 斜长石 石英 黑云母。根据围岩中锆石的SHRIMP年龄测试，推测麻粒岩相变质作用发生在加里东期，它是在古特提斯洋洋壳俯冲殆尽之后，发生大规模的陆内A型俯冲将早前寒武纪基底带人到中、下地壳形成的麻粒岩相变质岩。这一发现对研究本区加里东期构造演化背景具有重要的实际意义。     

塔里木地块周边的含矿建造和资源远景

塔里木地块经历了前寒武纪陆核增生-地块奠基、早古生代边缘裂解-开合拼贴、晚古生代裂谷叠加-板块统一、中新生代盆山耦合-地貌定形的四大构造演化阶段,在天山、昆仑山、阿尔金山一带形成了六大含矿建造和多种成因类型的金属矿床.周边地区有前苏联中天山、西南天山、秦祁昆、古特提斯四条邻国和邻区的巨型洲际级成矿带通过.从已知的近千处矿床(点)、矿化点和物化探异常的宏观分析和局部重点普查找矿信息来看,塔里木地块周边的金属矿床远景可观,潜力巨大,某些成矿带有可能成为我国矿产资源的后备勘查基地.     

新疆土壤盐渍化成因及其防治对策研究

论述了新疆土壤盐渍化形成的地质、地貌、土壤质地和人为灌溉方式不合理等原因,说明土壤盐渍化是一种自然现象。通过调查,目前新疆盐渍化土壤主要有稳定脱盐型、脱盐聚盐混合型、脱盐聚盐反复型、持续聚盐型和灌溉聚盐型,其中脱盐聚盐混合型和脱盐聚盐反复型分布最为广泛,稳定脱盐型仅分布于竖井排灌区。总结了新疆土壤盐渍化的治理研究过程及国内外防治土壤盐渍化的措施,提出了竖井排灌工程是防治新疆土壤盐渍化最有效的措施。通过工程实例,证明了竖井排灌具有降低地下水位和灌溉作用,且经济效益明显。     

新疆马热勒铁金矿床特征及其流体成矿作用

马热勒铁金矿床产于中泥盆统北塔山组安山岩和安山质凝灰岩间的韧性剪切带中。矿体呈脉状 ,主要为蚀变岩和含金石英脉。矿石由黄铁矿、黄铜矿、方铅矿、黝铜矿、自然金、银金矿、毒砂、辉铋矿、磁铁矿、石英、绢云母、绿泥石、方解石等矿物组成 ,围岩蚀变有硅化、碳酸盐化、黄铁矿化和绢云母化。金矿成矿主要经历黄铁矿—石英—金、石英—金属硫化物—金、石英—碳酸盐—金三个阶段。成矿物质主要来源于中泥盆统北塔山组含金建造。流体包裹体研究显示 ,成矿温度为 16 0℃～ 2 80℃ ,成矿压力为 (73.4～ 12 1.9)× 10 5Pa ,成矿时成矿流体pH为 4 .2 0～ 5 .0 1,呈酸性 ,Eh为 - 0 .6 6～ - 0 .4 5eV ,属还原环境 ;流体为Na+ —Ca2 + —HCO3 -—Cl-型体系和Na+ —Ca2 + —HCO3 -—SO42 -—Cl-型体系的酸性—弱酸性流体 ,流体中成矿物质金主要以[AuCl2 ]-、[Au(HS) 2 ]0 等络合物形式存在并运移 ;流体的溶液来自岩石建造水、古大气降水及变质水组成的混合水。区域构造应力作用、成矿流体环境物理化学条件的改变、古大气水不断加入、成矿流体与围岩的蚀变反应等引起成矿流体周围一系列环境物理化学条件的变化 ,是马热勒铁金矿床成矿的关键     

新疆干旱地区城镇居民硒水平

本文使用新极谱法对我国乌鲁木齐市和奎屯市的居民全血样品分别为９８例和５８例进行硒含量的测定，分别为７５．０１．４４２μｇ／１和１５８．７４１．６μｇ／１．乌鲁木齐市心血管疾病患者２０例，血硒含量为７２．３１．３８２μｇ／ｌ．乌鲁木齐市和奎屯市的水样中硒含量分别为１．７１μｇ／ｌ和３．０２μｇ／ｌ．乌鲁木齐市母乳２０例，硒含量为１１．８３．７７μｇ／ｌ．     

Detecting Population Declines over Large Areas with Presence-Absence, Time-to-Encounter, and Count Survey Methods

Abstract:  Ecologists often discount presence-absence surveys as a poor way to gain insight into population dynamics, in part because these surveys are not amenable to many standard statistical tests. Still, presence-absence surveys are sometimes the only feasible alternative for monitoring large areas when funds are limited, especially for sparse or difficult-to-detect species. I undertook a detailed simulation study to compare the power of presence-absence, count, and time-to-encounter surveys to detect regional declines in a population. I used a modeling approach that simulates both population numbers and the monitoring process, accounting for observation and other measurement errors. In gauging the efficacy of presence-absence surveys versus other approaches, I varied the number of survey sites, the spatial variation in encounter rate, the mean encounter rate, and the type of population loss. My results showed that presence-absence data can be as or more powerful than count data in many cases. Quantitative guidelines for choosing between presence-absence surveys and count surveys depend on the biological and logistical constraints governing a conservation monitoring situation. Generally, presence-absence surveys work best when there is little variability in abundance among the survey sites, the organism is rare, and the species is difficult to detect so that the time spent getting to each survey site is less than or equal to the time spent surveying each site. Count surveys work best otherwise. I present a case study with count data on the Northern Flicker ( Colaptes auratus ) from the North American Breeding Bird Survey to illustrate how the method might be used with field-survey data. The case study demonstrates that a count survey would be the most cost-effective design but would entail reduction in the number of sites. If this site reduction is not desirable, a presence-absence survey would be the most cost-effective survey.     

新疆生产建设兵团农垦城镇土地等级体系研究

本文建立了新疆生产建设兵团农垦城镇类、等、级及基准地价的城镇土地等级体系,为兵团农垦城镇不同层次的土地管理提供了科学依据,对深化我国土地有偿使用制度改革,建立健全合理的土地市场,实现土地资源资产化等具有较好的理论和实践探索意义。     

Rice mill waste as organic manure on a degraded Alfisol

In much of sub-Saharan Africa (SSA), the lack of organic soil amendments constitutes one of the principal causes for declining soil fertility in intensifying farming systems. The challenge, therefore, remains to increase the availability of organic inputs and to develop recommendations for their combination with inorganic fertilizers. An on-farm experiment was conducted in the northern Guinea savanna of Nigeria to evaluate the fertilizer effect of rice (Oryza sativa L.) mill waste (RMW) on a degraded Alfisol. The decomposition and nutrient (N and P) release patterns of RMW were studied using the litterbag technique, and the effect on maize yield and soil properties was determined. The RMW was applied at rates of 0, 5, 10, and 15 Mg DM ha⁻¹ and was applied either unburnt or burnt (farmers’ practice). In both years, compound fertilizer was broadcast during land preparation on all plots at rates of 40 kg N ha⁻¹, 17 kg P ha⁻¹, and 33 kg K ha⁻¹.Results obtained in the litterbag study showed that, at maize harvest, more than 90% of the P had been released from the decomposing RMW. However, around 60% of the organic C and 45% of the N still remained. Compared to the control treatment (0 Mg ha⁻¹ RMW), which yielded 0.55 Mg ha⁻¹, maize (Zea mays L.) grain yields were increased by 95% when 10 Mg ha⁻¹ of unburnt RMW was applied, and by 147% with 15 Mg ha⁻¹ (mean of 2 years). In contrast, burnt RMW did not result in significant yield increases. The cumulative application of 30 Mg ha⁻¹ of unburnt RMW significantly increased the soil organic carbon in the surface soil from 0.7% (0 Mg ha⁻¹ RMW) to 1.3%.The results of this investigation indicate that RMW constitutes a valuable organic input in the Guinea savanna if applied unburnt at rates of 10–15 Mg ha⁻¹ in combination with inorganic fertilizer. The repeated application of unburnt RMW may contribute to the rehabilitation of degraded soils through the buildup of soil organic matter.