规模化牲畜养殖场的环境效应及其对策

通过对江苏省2个典型地区的4个生猪养殖场的饲料、牲畜排泄物、土壤、地表水及水土水中养分状况的调查采样与分析，对牲畜规模养殖的环境效应进行了评价。在此基础上，对牲畜养殖排泄物的养分管理与资源化利用提出了建议，并通过对牲畜排泄物中养分状况及作物养分需求状况的分析统计，提出了种植－养殖区域养分平衡管理模式。     

Distribution of mercury in di erent environmental compartments in the aquatic ecosystem of the coastal zone of the Southern Baltic Sea

The aim of this study was to characterize mercury (Hg) contamination in the coastal waters of the Southern Baltic Sea, and to investigate transformations of Hg in the initial links of the marine food chain. Concentrations of Hg in water, particulate matter, plankton and macrophytes at various stations in the coastal zone (a bay with restricted water exchange, near an industrial city, river mouths, and the open sea) were measured in 2006–2008. Hg concentrations observed in the Southern Baltic varied greatly, showing the highest average values in all environmental compartments near the river mouths. In shallow, sheltered parts of the gulf, where water exchange is restricted, Hg concentrations in the water and in macrophytes were elevated relative to those in the coastal zone of the deeper part of the bay and in the open Baltic. Distance to the river mouth, terrestrial runo , and quantity and quality of organic matter were more important than seasonal variations in controlling Hg and HgSPM concentrations in water samples. Mercury concentrations in the surface microlayer at the air/sea interface were over 10 times higher than those in the bulk surface water. Concentrations of Hg in macrophytes in the winter were significantly higher than those in the warm seasons (spring, summer, autumn). This was probably the combined e ect of higher availability of Hg in porewaters and leaf growth inhibition.     

Heavy metal contamination in surface sediments of Yangtze River intertidal zone: An assessment from different indexes

Surface sediments (0-5 cm) from 59 stations within the Yangtze River intertidal zone (YRIZ) were sampled for metal contamination analysis in April and August 2005. The concentrations ranged (in mg kg⁻¹ dry weight): Al, 40,803-97,213; Fe, 20,538-49,627; Cd, 0.12-0.75; Cr, 36.9-173; Cu, 6.87-49.7; Mn, 413-1,112; Ni, 17.6-48.0; Pb, 18.3-44.1; and Zn, 47.6-154; respectively. Among the 59 sampling stations, enrichment factors (EF) indicate enrichment of Cd (52 stations), Cr (54 stations), Cu (5 stations), Ni (26 stations), Pb (5 stations) and Zn (5 stations). Geoaccumulation indexes (I_geo) also suggest individual metal contamination in localized areas. This study indicates that Cd, Cr and Ni enrichment in the YRIZ sediment is widespread whereas Cu, Mn, Pb and Zn enrichment is localized or nonexistent. Factor and cluster analyses indicate that Cd is associated with total organic carbon whereas Cu, Cr, Ni, Pb and Zn have a close association with Mn.     

A2O氧化沟缺氧区三维流场模拟及结构形式优化

以FLUENT软件为工具,选用三维RNG k-ε紊流数学模型对重庆井口污水厂A2O氧化沟缺氧区内的流场进行模拟,分析了缺氧区内流场分布不均匀及沉泥的原因,提出了水下推进器的合理设置位置与导流墙的合理设置方式,并对优化后的缺氧区进行了模拟计算。通过优化后模拟的结果可见,在相同的功率密度下,缺氧区内的流场得到了较均匀的分布,流速从原来的0.131 m/s提升到0.204 m/s,减少了能量的损失。底部的流速也从原来的0.140 m/s提升到0.226 m/s,有效的防止或减少了沟中的污泥沉积。优化的结果对实际工程的设计也有一定的指导意义。     

植物床-沟壕系统的藻类捕获功能

采用原位实验验证植物床．沟壕系统的藻类捕获功能。结果表明：该系统能够有效拦截和捕获源水藻类。在水力梯度驱动下,约35％源水进入高位小沟流经植物床内部根孔结构而汇至低位小沟。低位小沟内叶绿素a（Chl-a）浓度显著低于高位小沟（P=0．0239）,其降低比例为11．1％。以植物床．沟壕系统为结构形式的根孔净化区其出水Chl-a浓度较源水整体下降了27．0％。估算该片根孔净化区捕获藻类鲜生物量约122kg／d。石臼漾湿地共含根孔净化区11片,按供水25万t／d计,估算捕获藻类鲜生物量约1100kg／d。     

屠宰厂项目环境防护距离的确定

综合考虑外界潜在污染源对屠宰厂的环境影响,从大气环境防护距离、卫生防护距离及外界潜在污染源的环境影响评价出发,分析污染评价因子的选取、标准值的确定、预测模式的选取和预测结果评价,实例探讨了屠宰厂项目环境防护距离的确定方法。结果表明,拟建化工项目未对屠宰厂的环境空气质量造成影响,TSP是外界污染源对屠宰厂影响最大的污染因子,综合计算大气环境防护距离值和卫生防护距离值得到屠宰厂的环境防护距离为300m。     

渤海湾典型闸控入海河流水体N2O释放研究

为探究弱水动力条件下, 典型滨海地区水体N₂O释放通量及其主控因素, 于2019年7月和8月(夏季)和11月(冬季初期)对以大清河-独流减河-北大港湿地为代表的渤海湾弱水动力条件河流开展水样采集与分析工作.结果表明: N₂O浓度变化范围为0.4~184.5nmol/L, N₂O饱和度的变化范围为7.2%~2740%, 其中近90%的样品处于过饱和状态, 表明该研究区是潜在的N₂O释放源.N₂O水-气界面释放通量为-0.3~6.7μmol/(m²·h), 夏季水体N₂O的释放通量高于冬季.降雨前后N₂O浓度出现明显波动, 相同点位降雨前后N₂O浓度的变化值为-15.2~63.9nmol/L, 独流减河上游农业区N₂O浓度的平均增加量(22.1nmol/L)显著高于下游(1.3nmol/L), 降雨驱动了流域氮素的运移, 促进了水体N₂O释放.相关性分析表明, 水体N₂O的浓度受反应物浓度、水体盐度共同调控.通过计算得到该滨海地区弱水动力条件下河流N₂O的排放因子为0.0073, 表明气候变化委员会(IPCC)默认值0.0026可能低估了该地区间接N₂O释放.     

荆州市中心城区集中式饮用水源保护区优化研究

荆州市中心城区集中式饮用水源位于长江,为河流型水源地,在长江荆州城区段23 km范围内分布6个集中式饮用水源地,实际日取水量为设计规模的32.37%。为此提出将饮用水源保护区进行优化调整,将6个集中式饮用水源保护区减少为3个,保护区水域岸线长度从15.3 km缩减为9.9 km,一级保护区从8.3 km调整为3.3 km,并通过分析优化调整前后该江段水环境容量、减少饮用水源安全隐患和充分合理地发挥岸线资源功能等方面论证优化的合理性。     

菲在渤海湾潮滩不同粒径沉积物上的吸附行为

采用批量试验的方法,研究了菲(PHE)在渤海湾潮间带不同粒径沉积物上的吸附行为,探讨了吸附等温式参数与有机质含最和性质之间的相关关系.结果表明:(1)不同粒径沉积物中总有机碳(TOC)含量(0.86～10.67 mg/g)表现为:粘粒＞砂粒＞粉砂粒;岐口不同粒径沉积物中碳黑(BC)含量(0.25～1.46mg/g)与T...     

城市河流消落带农产品中铅镉的污染初探

文章以内江市为例,采用石墨炉原子吸收分光光度法对流经内江市区的沱江消落带农产品中重金属铅(Pb)和镉(Cd)的含量进行了初步调查。结果表明,该研究区域农产品中Pb的含量范围为0～0.175 mg/kg,平均值为0.040 mg/kg;Cd的含量范围为0.007～0.077 mg/kg,平均值为0.023 mg/kg;根...