某焦化场地非均质包气带中多环芳烃(PAHs)来源及垂向分布特征

利用某废弃焦化场地内6眼深层采样孔,样品最大采集深度9. 5～42 m不等,分析包气带剖面上16种PAHs分布特征、污染来源以及影响迁移的因素.结果表明,各钻孔ΣPAHs最大含量介于134. 79～11 266. 81 mg·kg~(-1)之间,主要分布层位为地表以下1～5 m,含量以低环(2+3环)为主,单体以萘含量最高.场地污染主要来自于煤的燃烧源.焦油、沥青及其深加工产物的污染对场地ΣPAHs含量起控制作用.包气带砂卵砾石层作为污染物良好的下渗通道,砂层透镜体通过吸附及截留作用成为PAHs的主要富集层.化产区排放或泄漏的各类油液通过混溶、竞争性吸附等作用增强了PAHs垂向迁移能力,并致使深部包气带受到污染.地表0～1 m土壤受人为扰动、降雨淋滤、降解作用,30 m以下岩层受到地下水溶滤作用,导致低环/高环比例随深度增加呈现先升高后降低的趋势.污染来源、包气带理化指标及水文地质条件等共同作用控制PAHs垂向分布及迁移.     

大气氮沉降对三峡库区消落带土壤呼吸的影响

以三峡库区消落带落干期土壤为研究对象,采用室内模拟培养的方法,探讨了大气氮沉降通量及其组成对土壤呼吸的影响.结果表明,土壤呼吸速率对氮添加的响应为短期效应.1倍当前大气氮沉降添加下,无机氮和有机氮对土壤累积CO₂释放分别表现为无影响和抑制作用.除NH₄⁺-N在2倍氮沉降添加下表现为抑制作用外,2、3倍氮沉降添加均促进了土壤累积CO₂释放.与硝态氮相比,2、3倍氮沉降添加的铵态氮对土壤累积CO₂释放具有抑制作用.     

饱和多孔介质中DNAPL污染源区结构及质量溶出

为探究重非水相液体（DNAPL）在地下水中的运移和溶出行为,选取四氯乙烯（PCE）为代表,采用透射光法动态监测PCE在二维砂箱中的运移和分布,并以顶空气相色谱法监测其质量溶出,在此基础上通过乙醇冲洗来改变PCE分布,对比分析相应源区结构和溶出浓度的变化.结果表明：PCE的运移以垂向入渗为主,并伴随由毛细管力引起的横向迁移;污染源区面积和溶出浓度的变化具有明显一致性,均先迅速增大而后趋于平稳,由于泄露量小,70.7%的PCE以ganglia态残留在运移路径上.乙醇主要通过增溶作用改变污染源区结构,对PCE的空间展布影响弱,乙醇冲洗后ganglia态PCE占比增至99.6%,GTP值从2.4增至257.随着乙醇冲洗体积的增加,PCE源区面积从100cm²减至50cm²,对应溶出浓度从114mg/L减至12mg/L,二者呈较好的线性关系（R²=0.76）.此外,连续监测结果显示,在本研究的实验条件下,无论是否经过乙醇冲洗,PCE污染源区结构和其相应的质量溶出可以在一定时间内（至少16PVs）保持稳定.     

Precipitation Amount and Intensity Trends Across Southwest Saudi Arabia

This study examines precipitation accumulation and intensity trends across a region in southwest Saudi Arabia characterized by distinct seasonal weather patterns and mountainous terrain. The region is an example of an arid/semiarid area faced with maintaining sustainable water resources with a growing population. Annual and seasonal trends in precipitation amount were examined from 29 rain gages divided among four geographically unique regions from 1945/1946 to 2009. Two of the regions displayed significantly declining annual trends over the time series using a Mann‐Kendall test modified for autocorrelation (α < 0.05). Seasonal analysis revealed insignificant declining trends in at least two of the regions during each season. The largest and most consistent declining trends occurred during wintertime where all regions experienced negative trends. Several intensity metrics were examined in the study area from four additional stations containing daily data from 1985 to 2011. Intensity metrics included total precipitation, wet day count, simple intensity index, maximum daily annual rainfall, and upper/lower precipitation distribution changes. In general, no coherent trends were found among the daily stations suggesting precipitation is intensifying across the study area. The work represents the first of its size in the study area, and one of few in the region due to the lack of available long‐term data needed to properly examine precipitation changes.     

复杂DNAPL污染源区溶解相污染通量的升尺度计算

重非水相液体(DNAPL)污染场地中NAPL相污染物会持续溶解于地下水中,释放出溶解相污染羽,对人体健康产生威胁.准确评估DNAPL污染场地源区下游的溶解相污染通量至关重要.由于介质的非均质性常形成复杂DNAPL污染源区,其溶解相污染通量往往呈现出阶段性变化.目前溶解相污染通量计算普遍采用Christ等提出的双域升尺度模型,但该模型仅适用于弱非均质性的污染源区.本文基于大量强非均质性条件下的污染源区数值算例,修正了Christ双域模型中污染源区衰减指数的经验公式,将该模型的适用范围推广至强非均质性的复杂污染源区.通过蒙特卡罗数值算例及两个二维砂箱试验数据验证了修正模型的适用性和精度.对比结果表明:修正模型可广泛适用于不同结构的复杂DNAPL污染源区,与以往的计算方法相比,修正模型计算的溶解相污染通量精度提高了约35%.     

中亚水热资源匹配特征及敏感性分析

从水热积指数出发,基于1931—2019年Climatic Research Unit（CRU）再分析资料,运用多时序分析方法,从多时间尺度分析中亚水热资源匹配空间特征和时序变化,并进行敏感归因探究。结果表明：（1）空间上中亚水热匹配条件存在相对优劣,优势区多分布于高纬及高山高原地带,水热资源匹配较差区域分布于南部沙漠。优势区多和同期降水高值区、潜在蒸散低值区和气温低值区重合,年际水热积指数变化不明显或呈弱下降趋势;较差区域多为同期潜在蒸散和气温高值区,降水低值区,水热积指数降低且年际变幅较大。（2）中亚水热资源匹配年内存在季节差异,春秋较好、冬季次之、夏季较差;在年际尺度上,1931—1974年,水热匹配条件呈现上升趋势;1974—2000年左右,水热匹配条件波动上升;2000—2019年,水热匹配条件下降,且在1971—1980年、1981—1990年、1990—2000年发生匹配条件突变。春夏秋季水热匹配变化趋势同年际趋势大致相同,冬季波动幅度较小。（3）在春、夏及年尺度上,主导敏感性因子为平均气温因子,在秋冬两季为降水因子;在高纬、高原高山区,水热积指数变化敏感性气候因子多为降水因子;中亚南部水热积指数变化对降水敏感性减弱,平均气温敏感性增加,且北部平均气温敏感性系数绝对值略低于南部;高山高原区域对极端温度变化较为敏感。     

Rabbit biocontrol and landscape‐scale recovery of threatened desert mammals

Funding for species conservation is insufficient to meet the current challenges facing global biodiversity, yet many programs use expensive single‐species recovery actions and neglect broader management that addresses threatening processes. Arid Australia has the world's worst modern mammalian extinction record, largely attributable to competition from introduced herbivores, particularly European rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus) and predation by feral cats (Felis catus) and foxes (Vulpes vulpes). The biological control agent rabbit hemorrhagic disease virus (RHDV) was introduced to Australia in 1995 and resulted in dramatic, widespread rabbit suppression. We compared the area of occupancy and extent of occurrence of 4 extant species of small mammals before and after RHDV outbreak, relative to rainfall, sampling effort, and rabbit and predator populations. Despite low rainfall during the first 14 years after RHDV, 2 native rodents listed by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN), the dusky hopping‐mouse (Notomys fuscus) and plains mouse (Pseudomys australis), increased their extent of occurrence by 241–365%. A threatened marsupial micropredator, the crest‐tailed mulgara (Dasycercus cristicauda), underwent a 70‐fold increase in extent of occurrence and a 20‐fold increase in area of occupancy. Both bottom‐up and top‐down trophic effects were attributed to RHDV, namely decreased competition for food resources and declines in rabbit‐dependent predators. Based on these sustained increases, these 3 previously threatened species now qualify for threat‐category downgrading on the IUCN Red List. These recoveries are on a scale rarely documented in mammals and give impetus to programs aimed at targeted use of RHDV in Australia, rather than simply employing top‐down threat‐based management of arid ecosystems. Conservation programs that take big‐picture approaches to addressing threatening processes over large spatial scales should be prioritized to maximize return from scarce conservation funding. Further, these should be coupled with long‐term ecological monitoring, a critical tool in detecting and understanding complex ecosystem change.     

生活垃圾焚烧发电厂的环境风险评价

垃圾焚烧技术兼具环境效益和经济效益,环境风险评价的结论是该类项目选址的关键问题之一。在分析中国城市生活垃圾排放现状和生活垃圾焚烧项目环境风险的基础上,分析了二恶英风险事故的环境影响及环境防护距离的计算方法与传统卫生防护距离的差异,并以秦皇岛生活垃圾焚烧发电厂为实例进行了计算。结果表明:在不同工况下人体经呼吸每日最大摄入二恶英的量均远小于允许摄入量参考标准值,环境防护距离确定方法更为科学和人性化,有利于消除公众对此类建设项目的误解。     

三峡水库澎溪河消落带植物群落物种丰富度格局

通过样地调查和Spearman相关分析,研究了澎溪河消落带植物群落物种丰富度格局. 结果表明:沿河流纵向梯度,总物种丰富度、灌木层和草本层物种丰富度均表现出抛物线型,乔木层物种丰富度表现出直线型;沿河流侧向梯度,总物种丰富度和草本层物种丰富度随高程的增加先升高后降低;乔木层和灌木层物种丰富度随高程的升高而增加. 在纵向梯度上,底质类型与物种丰富度显著相关,距河口的空间距离对物种丰富度有重要的控制作用;在侧向梯度上,淹水时间、土壤含水量、底质异质性对群落空间格局有重要影响. 总体来说,消落带植物物种丰富度格局仍受原河流地貌及洪水格局的影响,但由于水位季节性变动,已形成与水位变动相适应的分布格局.      

Hierarchical Bayesian Spatial Models for Multispecies Conservation Planning and Monitoring

Abstract: Biologists who develop and apply habitat models are often familiar with the statistical challenges posed by their data's spatial structure but are unsure of whether the use of complex spatial models will increase the utility of model results in planning. We compared the relative performance of nonspatial and hierarchical Bayesian spatial models for three vertebrate and invertebrate taxa of conservation concern (Church's sideband snails [Monadenia churchi], red tree voles [Arborimus longicaudus], and Pacific fishers [Martes pennanti pacifica]) that provide examples of a range of distributional extents and dispersal abilities. We used presence–absence data derived from regional monitoring programs to develop models with both landscape and site‐level environmental covariates. We used Markov chain Monte Carlo algorithms and a conditional autoregressive or intrinsic conditional autoregressive model framework to fit spatial models. The fit of Bayesian spatial models was between 35 and 55% better than the fit of nonspatial analogue models. Bayesian spatial models outperformed analogous models developed with maximum entropy (Maxent) methods. Although the best spatial and nonspatial models included similar environmental variables, spatial models provided estimates of residual spatial effects that suggested how ecological processes might structure distribution patterns. Spatial models built from presence–absence data improved fit most for localized endemic species with ranges constrained by poorly known biogeographic factors and for widely distributed species suspected to be strongly affected by unmeasured environmental variables or population processes. By treating spatial effects as a variable of interest rather than a nuisance, hierarchical Bayesian spatial models, especially when they are based on a common broad‐scale spatial lattice (here the national Forest Inventory and Analysis grid of 24 km² hexagons), can increase the relevance of habitat models to multispecies conservation planning.